The following interlinear glossed text data was extracted from a document found on the
World Wide Web via a semi-automated process. The data presented here could contain
corruption (degraded or missing characters), so the source document (link below) should
be consulted to ensure accuracy.
If you use any of the data shown here for research purposes,
be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
Abdoulaye, Mahamane L. (1992). ASPECTS OF HAUSA MORPHOSYNTAX IN ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR.
URL: http://wings.buffalo.edu/linguistics/people/students/dissertations/abdoulaye/hausadiss.pdf
(Last accessed 2005-02-28).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 567&langcode=hau (2021-08-15).
Example #1:
(8) Abdù yaa fa nùfi gidaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF indeed head-II home
'Abdu indeed headed home.'
Example #2:
(12) yaa fa nùfi gidaa.
3ms.PERF indeed head-II home
'he headed home.'
Example #3:
b. kaamùn Abdù
catch-DN-of Abdu
'Abdu's arrest' or 'an arrest by Abdu'
Example #4:
(37) a. Kafàr teebùr taa karèe.
leg-of table 3fs.PERF break-IV
'The table's leg broke.'
Example #5:
b. Abdù yaa karyà Kafàr teebùr.
Abdu 3ms.perf break-I leg-of table
'Abdu broke the table's leg.'
Example #6:
(38) a. yaa faarà jiimàr faatàa.
3ms.PERF begin-I tan-DN-of leather
'He began tanning the leather.'
Example #7:
b. *yaa faarà tà jèemi faatàa.
3ms.PERF begin-I 3fs.SUB an-II leather
*'He began tanning the leather.'
Example #8:
(39) yaai soo yài/j tai MaraaDi.
3ms.PERF want 3ms.SUB go Maradi
'He wanted to go to Maradi.', 'He wanted him to go to Maradi.'
Example #9:
(40) a. yaa sàa Kânshì suuyàr gujiyaa.
3ms.PERF put himself fry-DN-of peanuts
'He put himself into frying the peanuts.'
Example #10:
b. yaa sàa Indoo suuyàr gujiyaa.
3ms.PERF put Indo fry-DN-of peanuts
'He made Indo fry the peanuts.'
Example #11:
(41) a. yaa bar Indoo tà yi kwaanaa.
3ms.PERF let -II Indoo 3fs.SUB do sleep
'He let Indoo sleep.'
Example #12:
b. *yaa bar kânshì yà yi kwaanaa.
3ms.PERF let-II himself 3ms.SUB do sleep
'He allowed himself to sleep.'
Example #13:
(42) a. Kafàr teebùr taa kàryu (gà Abdù).
leg-of table 3fs.PERF break-VII (with Abdu)
'The table's leg is broken by Abdu.'
Example #14:
A: Abdù yaa TAFI MARAADI.
Abdu 3ms.PERF go-III Maradi
'Abdu went to Maradi.'
Example #15:
garkaa.
garden
'Suddenly there was a boy running fast out of the garden.'
Example #16:
b. àkwai wani bàbban màalàmii à lookàcin dâa...
there.be some.m great eacher at ime-of old.times
'There was a great teacher in the ancient times...
Example #17:
c. dà àkwai ruwaa à tùuluu./ baabù ruwaa à tùuluu.
there.be water in pot/ NEG.there.be water in pot
'There is water in the pot./ There is no water in the pot.'
Example #18:
dâa.
old.times
'There used to be a very tough queen in the ancient times.'
Example #19:
(50) a. ruwaa sun jânyee.
water 3p.PERF draw-IV
'The water has all receded.' (water is plural in Katsinanci)
Example #20:
(51) a. Abdù Indoo taa tuuràa *( shi) makarantaa.
Abdu Indo 3fs.PERF push-I 3ms school
'(As for) Abdu Indo sent him to school.'
Example #21:
b. littaafìi Indoo taa baadàa (shi) wàje.
book Indo 3fs.PERF give-I (3ms) out
'(As for) the book Indo gave it out.'
Example #22:
(52) a. shii Abdù yanàa zuwàa MaraaDi gòobee.
3ms Abdu 3ms-CONT go-DN Maradi tomorrow
'As for Abdu he is going to Maradi tomorrow.'
Example #23:
b. shii Abdù Indoo taa tuuràa shi makarantaa.
3ms Abdu Indo 3fs.PERF push-I 3ms school
'As for Abdu Indo sent him to school.'
Example #24:
(53) a. maalàm yaa àiki (*ita) Bàlkii.
teacher 3ms.PERF send-II (3fs) Balki
'The teacher send away Balki.'
Example #25:
b. maalàm yaa àikee ta (ita) Bàlkii.
teacher 3ms.PERF send-II 3fs (3fs) Balki
'The teacher send her away, Balki.'
Example #26:
(54) a. *[ABIN WAASAA] shii Abdù yakèe yîi.
thing-of play 3ms Abdu 3ms.REL CONT do-VN
'As for Abdu, it is a toy that he is making.'
Example #27:
(55) a. Indoo ABDU ta tuuràa makarantaa.
Indo Abdù 3fs.PERF push-I school
'Indo, (it is) Abdu that she sent to school.'
Example #28:
b. *Indoo shii Abdù ta tuuràa shi makarantaa.
Indo 3ms Abdù 3fs.PERF push-I 3ms school
*'Indo, as for Abdu, she sent him to school.'
Example #29:
c. ?Abdù ita Indoo taa tuuràa shi makarantaa.
Abdu 3fs Indo 3fs.PERF push-I 3ms school
*'Abdu, as for Indo, she sent him to school.'
Example #30:
(56) *shii Abdù ita Indoo taa tuuràa shi makarantaa.
3ms Abdu 3fs Indo 3fs.PERF push-I 3ms school
*'As for Abdu, as for Indo, she sent him to school.'
Example #31:
(57) a. shii littaafìn fa Indoo taa baadàa ?( shi) wàje.
3ms book-DEF MOD Indo 3fs.PERF give-I (3ms) out
'As for the book, Indo indeed gave it out.'
Example #32:
b. littaafìi Indoo taa baadàa (shi) wàje.
book Indo 3fs.PERF give-I (3ms) out
'As for the book Indo gave it out.'
Example #33:
(58) a. Abdùu ? yanàa zuwàa MaraaDi.
Abdu 3ms.CONT go-DN Maradi
'Abdu? He is going to Maradi.'
Example #34:
b. Abdùu ? Abdù yaa tàfi makarantaa.
Abdu Abdu 3ms.PERF go-III school
'Abdu? Abdu went to school.'
Example #35:
c. iccèe? an baadà iccèe wàje.
plant IMP.PERF give-I plant out
'The plant? Someone gave it out.'
Example #36:
d. fìtaa? ai mukàn fìta wani lookàcii.
going.out-VN indeed 1p-HAB go.out-III some time
'As for going out, we indeed do go out sometimes.'
Example #37:
(59) a. Aali nèe Abdù zâi bâa gooròo.
Ali cop.m Abdu FUT-3ms give kolanuts
'It is (to) Ali that Abdu is going to give kolanuts.'
Example #38:
b. wàa cee (cèe) Abdù zâi kaamàawaa?
who cop.f (cop) Abdu FUT-3ms catch-I-VN
'Who is Abdu going to catch?'
Example #39:
c. mìi nee (nèe) Abdù zâi kaamàawaa?
what cop.m (cop) Abdu FUT-3ms catch-I-VN
'What is Abdu going to catch?'
Example #40:
d. mootar suwàa nee/ cee Abdù zâi tuukàawaa?
car-of p-who cop.m/ cop.f Abdu FUT-3ms drive-I-VN
'Whose car is Abdu going to drive?'
Example #41:
kàasuwaa]?
market
'Who is it [that she!] that Abdu saw at the market?'
Example #42:
ta kòoree shì]?
3fs.REL PERF chase.away-II 3ms
'Who is it that drunk beer (that) was chased away by Indo?'
Example #43:
c. mìi nee nèe na Indoo (dà) Abdù zâi Daukàa?
what cop.m cop of Indo (that) Abdu FUT-3ms take-DN
'What is it belonging to Indo that Abdu is going to take?'
Example #44:
d. mìi nee nèe wannàn?
what cop.m cop this
'What is this?
Example #45:
(62) yaaròo shii nèe Abdù ya àikaa.
boy 3ms cop.m Abdu 3ms.REL PERF send-II
'The boy, it is him that Abdu sent.'
Example #46:
(63) a. Aali Abdù zâa ya bàa gooròo.
Ali Abdu FUT-3ms give kolanuts
'It is to Ali that Abdu is going to give the kolanuts to.'
Example #47:
b. wàa Abdù zâa ya aikìi kàasuwaa?
who Abdu FUT-3ms send-DN market
'Who is Abdu going to send to the market?
Example #48:
c. mìi Abdù zây yi?
what Abdu FUT-3ms do
'What is Abdu going to do?'
Example #49:
d. mootar suwàa Abdù zâa ya saidàawaa?
car-of 3p-who Abdu FUT-3ms sell-VN
'Whose car is Abdu going to sell?'
Example #50:
kàasuwaa]?
market
*'Who that she! did Abdu see at the market?'
Example #51:
ta kòoree shì]?
3fs.REL PERF chase.away-II 3ms
*'Who that drunk beer was chased away by Indo?'
Example #52:
c. *mìi na Indoo (dà) Abdù zâi Daukàa?
what of Indo (that) Abdu FUT-3ms take-DN
*'What belonging to Indo that Abdu is going to take?'
Example #53:
d. *mìi wannàn?
what this
*'What this?'
Example #54:
ya àikaa.
3ms.REL PERF send
'It is the boy that Indoo called (that) Abdu send somewhere.'
Example #55:
ya àikaa.
3ms.REL PERF send
'The boy that Indoo called (it is him that) Abdu send somewhere.'
Example #56:
(67) a. Shii kàu Aali mìi Abdù zâi baa shì ?
2ms MOD Aali what Abdu FUT-3ms give 3ms
'As for Ali, what is Abdu going to give him?'
Example #57:
daawoo
return-VI
'The boy that the soldiers sent (somewhere) came back.'
Example #58:
b. soojà sun àiki yaaròo.
soldiers 3p-PERF send-II boy
'The soldiers sent the boy (somewhere).'
Example #59:
tàfiyàrshì.
going-of-3ms
'The boy that the soldiers send (here and there) is gone.'
Example #60:
b. soojà sunàa aikìn yaaròo.
soldiers 3p-CONT send-DN-of boy
'The soldiers are sending the boy (here and there).'
Example #61:
(70) a. yaaròo wandà soojà zâa su aikìi yaa tàfiyàrshì.
boy 3ms-that soldiers FUT-3p send-DN 3ms.PERF going-of-3ms
'The boy that the soldiers are to send is gone.'
Example #62:
b. soojà zâa su aikìn yaaròo.
soldiers FUT-3p send-DN boy
'The soldiers are going to send the boy.'
Example #63:
sukàa daawòowaa.
3p-EVE return-VI-VN
'Indo let the door open just in case the children come back.'
Example #64:
yaa daawoo.
3ms.PERF return-VI
'The boy that the soldiers did not send (somewhere) came back.'
Example #65:
b. soojà bà sù àiki yaaròo ba.
soldiers NEG PERF 3p send-II boy NEG
'The soldiers did not send the boy (somewhere).'
Example #66:
tàfiyàrshì.
going-of-3ms
'The boy that the soldiers are not sending is gone.'
Example #67:
b. soojà bâa su aikìn yaaròo.
soldiers NEG.CONT 3p send-DN boy
'The soldiers are not sending the boy.'
Example #68:
(74) a. àbincin dà (ab/ kèe) bà sù ci ba.
food-DEF that (cop/ REL CONT) NEG.PERF 3p eat NEG
'The food that they did not eat.'
Example #69:
b. àbincin dà (ab/ kèe) bâa su cìi.
food-DEF that (cop/ REL CONT) NEG.CONT 3p eat
'The food that they are not eating/ they don't eat.'
Example #70:
(75) a. aikìn dà (ak/ kèe) kà ganii kà reenàa.
work that (cop/ REL CONT) 2ms.SUB see-DN 2ms.SUB belittle-I
'A work (of the type) you would see and belittle.'
Example #71:
b. kà ga aikìi kà reenàa.
2ms.SUB see-II work 2ms.SUB belittle-I
'You would see a work and belittle it.'
Example #72:
(76) a. yaaròo yâa jee kàasuwaa.
boy 3ms.POT go market
'The boy will go to the market.
Example #73:
b. yaaròo wandà zaa yà jee kàasuwaa.
boy 3ms-that FUT-3ms go market
'The boy that will go to the market.
Example #74:
(77) a. yaaròo yakàn jee kàasuwaa.
boy 3ms.HAB go market
'The boy usually goes to the market.
Example #75:
b. yaaròo wandà yakèe zuwàa kàasuwaa.
boy 3ms-that 3ms-REL CONT go-VN market
'The boy that usually goes to the market.
Example #76:
(78) a. yaaròo nee soojà sukà àikaa.
boy cop.m soldiers 3p-REL PERF send-II
'It is a boy that the soldiers sent (somewhere).'
Example #77:
b. yaaròo nee soojà sukèe aikìi.
boy cop.m soldiers 3p-REL CONT send-DN
'It is a boy that the soldiers are sending.'
Example #78:
(79) a. yaaròo nee (as/ kèe) soojà bàsù àikaa ba.
boy cop.m (cop/ REL CONT) soldiers NEG perf-3p send-II NEG
'It is a boy that the soldiers did not send (somewhere).'
Example #79:
b. yaaròo nee (as/ kèe) soojà bâasu aikìi.
boy cop.m (cop/ REL CONT) soldiers NEG.CONT-3p send-DN
'It is a boy that the soldiers are not sending.'
Example #80:
kà reenàa.
2ms.SUB belittle-I
'It is Abdu's work (that) you would see and belittle.'
Example #81:
(81) a. yaaròo nee soojà zâa su aikìi.
boy cop.m soldiers FUT-3p send-DN
'The boy that the soldiers are to send is gone.'
Example #82:
b. MaraaDi nèe sukàa sàbkaa.
Maradi cop.m 3p-EVE land
'It is in Maradi that they may settle.'
Example #83:
(82) a. yaaròo nee * yâa/ zaa yà jee kàasuwaa.
boy cop.m 3ms.POT/ FUT-3ms go market
'The boy that will go to the market.
Example #84:
b. yaaròo nee * yakàn jee/ yakèe zuwàa kàasuwaa.
boy cop.m 3ms-HAB go/ 3ms-REL CONT go-VN market
'It is a boy that usually goes to the market.
Example #85:
mun daakàtaa makì.
1p.PERF wait-I MA- 2fs
'If we knew you were coming, we would have waited for you.'
Example #86:
zuwàa sai mukà daakàtaa makì.
come-VN then 1p-REL PERF wait-I MA-2fs
'Because we knew you were coming, we waited for you.'
Example #87:
sai mukà daakàtaa makì.
then 1p-REL PERF wait-I MA-2fs
'Because we knew you were coming, we waited for you.'
Example #88:
daakàtaa mà cîn àbinci ba.
wait -I MA eat-DN food NEG
'Even if we knew you were coming we wouldn't have put off eating anyway.'
Example #89:
bà mù daakàtaa mà cîn àbinci ba.
NEG 1p.PERF wait-I MA eat-DN food NEG
'Although we knew that you were coming, we did not put off eating.'
Example #90:
zama kuuràayee]] sun koomàa mutàanee.
become-III hyenas 3p.PERF return-I people
humans.'
Example #91:
kuuràayee (*sûu koomàa mutàanee gòobe).
hyenas 3p.POT return people tomorrow
humans tomorrow).'
Example #92:
*sukà tàfi daajìi?
3p-REL PERF go-III bush
'Who thinks that the children went into the bush?'
Example #93:
b. mìi sukà cêe yâara sun/ ?sukà sàyaa?
what 3p-REL PERF say children 3p.PERF/ 3p-REL PERF buy-II
'What did they say the children bought?'
Example #94:
daajìi?
bush
'Who thinks that it is the children who went into the bush?'
Example #95:
b. mìi sukà cêe yâara (nèe) sukà sàyaa?
what 3p-REL PERF say children (cop.p) 3p.REL PERF buy
'What did they say it is the children who bought [it]?'
Example #96:
*takèe rashìn laafiyàa.
3fs-REL CONT lack-of health
'I am sorry that Maryama is sick.'
Example #97:
sôn Aishà.
love-of Aisha
'I was surprised that it is Ali who loves Aisha.'
Example #98:
takèe rashìn laafiyàa.
3fs-REL CONT lack-of health
'I am sorry that it is Maryama who is sick.'
Example #99:
sai yà saukoo yà ci gyàDaa.
then 3ms.REL PERF come.down-VI 3ms.REL PERF eat peanuts
peanuts.'
Example #100:
isòo. sukà faaDì sukà yi gaisuwaa.
announcement 3p-REL PERF fall-III 3p-REL PERF do greeting
announced. They reached the ground and greeted.'
Example #101:
(93) lookàcin (*wan )dà sukà zoo
time-DEF (3ms)that 3p-REL PERF come
'At the time when they arrived' (for Tuller, lit: 'time that they come')
Example #102:
(95) a. yâara sun ci tuwoo.
children 3p.PERF eat tuwoo
'The children ate staple-food.'
Example #103:
(96) yâara sukà ci tuwoo.
children 3p.REL PERF eat tuwoo
'Then the children ate staple food.'
Example #104:
(97) a. yâara sukà tardà Indoo taa Kaarè àbinci.
children 3p-REL PERF find-I Indo 3fs.PERF finish-IV food
'(Then) the children found Indo has finished cooking the food.'
Example #105:
b. yâara sun tardà Indoo taa Kaarè àbinci.
children 3p-PERF find-I Indo 3fs.PERF finish-IV food
'The children found Indo has finished cooking the food.'
Example #106:
sai yà saukoo yà ci gyàDaa.
then 3ms.REL PERF come.down-VI 3ms.REL PERF eat peanuts
down and eat some peanuts.'
Example #107:
gyàDaa.
peanuts
and eat some peanuts.'
Example #108:
(99) a. [jiyà] yâara sun zoo sun Dàuki gooròo.
[yesterday] children 3p.PERF come 3p.PERF take-II kolanuts
'Yesterday the children came and took the kolanuts.'
Example #109:
zoo sun Dàuki gooròo.
come 3p.PERF take-II kolanuts
'When Abdu returned, the children came and took the kolanuts.'
Example #110:
riKà zôowaa ganimmù.
keep-I come-VN see-DN-of-1p
'(During the period) when he was in love with Balki, Ali kept visiting us.'
Example #111:
sun zoo sun Dàuki gooròo.
3p.PERF come 3p.PERF take-II kolanuts
'(At the time) when Abdu returned, the children came and took the kolanuts.'
Example #112:
(101) a. yâara sun zoo sun Dàuki gooròo.
children 3p.PERF come 3p.PERF take-II kolanuts
'The children came and took the kolanuts.'
Example #113:
b. yâara sun zoo sukà Dàuki gooròo.
children 3p.PERF come 3p.REL PERF take-II kolanuts
'The children came and took the kolanuts.'
Example #114:
c. yâara sukà zoo sukà Dàuki gooròo.
children 3p.REL PERF come 3p.REL PERF take-II kolanuts
'(Then) the children came and took the kolanuts.'
Example #115:
d. *yâara sukà zoo sun Dàuki gooròo.
children 3p.REL PERF come 3p.PERF take-II kolanuts
'(Then) the children came and took the kolanuts.'
Example #116:
(102) a. yâara sukà zoo sunàa neeman gooròo.
children 3p.REL PERF come 3p-CONT searching-DN kolanuts
'(Then) the children came looking for the kolanuts.'
Example #117:
b. yâara sukà zoo sù Dàuki gooròo.
children 3p.REL PERF come 3p.SUB take-II kolanuts
'(Then) the children came to take the kolanuts.'
Example #118:
(103) a. yaa sàa yâara sun ci àbinci.
3ms.PERF put children 3p.PERF eat food
'He made the children eat.'
Example #119:
b. yaa sàa yâara sukà ci àbinci.
3ms.PERF put children 3p.REL PERF eat food
'He made the children eat.'
Example #120:
c. ya sàa yâara sukà ci àbinci.
3ms.REL PERF put children 3p.REL PERF eat food
'(Then) he made the children eat.'
Example #121:
d. * ya sàa yâara sun ci àbinci.
3ms.REL PERF put children 3p.PERF eat food
'He made the children eat.'
Example #122:
e. ya sàa mutàanee sun yi aikìn banzaa.
3ms.REL PERF put people 3p.PERF do work-of zero
'(Then) he acted in such a way that people's work became worthless.'
Example #123:
yaa mutù?
3ms.PERF die
'Who is it that was said you have left under the circumstances of his death?'
Example #124:
baroo ya mutù?
let/leave-VI 3ms.REL PERF die
'Who is it that was said you have left him and he died?' (this reading only)
Example #125:
baroo yaa mutù?
let/leave-VI 3ms.PERF die
'Who is it that was said you have left under the circumstances of his death?'
Example #126:
kwabòo-kwabòo.
penny-penny
'If the children come, I'll give them a penny each.'
Example #127:
kwabòo-kwabòo.
penny-penny
'If the children come, I'll give them a penny each.'
Example #128:
kwabòo-kwabòo.
penny-penny
'If the children have arrived, I'll give them a penny each.'
Example #129:
kwabòo-kwabòo.
penny-penny
'If the children come, I'll give them a penny each.'
Example #130:
takàrdâr.
letter-DEF
'When the morning comes I will show you the letter.'
Example #131:
kù hanàa masù kallon tèelêe yâu.
2p.SUB refuse-I MA-3p watching TV today
'I told them not to enter. If they (dare) enter, do not let them watch TV today.
Example #132:
kwabòo-kwabòo.
penny-penny
'Once the children have come, I'll give them a penny each.'
Example #133:
kwabòo-kwabòo.
penny-penny
'When the children come, I'll give them a penny each.'
Example #134:
mukà daakàtaa makì.
1p.REL PERF wait-I MA-2fs
'When we learned that you were coming, we waited for you.'
Example #135:
shìgaa makarantaa
enter-III-VN school
'any child that is in age of starting school'
Example #136:
makarantaa
school
'any child that is in age of starting school'
Example #137:
wàasansù.
play-of-3p
'The boy, who is smarter than they are, run home with their toy-plane.'
Example #138:
ta sàbka.
3fs-REL PERF graduate-III
'She was bought a bike since the time she graduated.'
Example #139:
taa sàbka.
3fs.PERF graduate-III
'She was bought a bike because she graduated.'
Example #140:
dafà àbinci.
cook-I food
'Even as we arrived, Indoo has finished cooking the food.'
Example #141:
dà gwârraa manyà manyà.
with kolanuts big big
'As we were sitting there and here comes a kolanuts seller with huge kolanuts.'
Example #142:
bàa Indoo haushii.
give Indo bad.feelings
'The fact that Abdu bought beer for her son gave Indo bad feelings.'
Example #143:
bâa Indoo haushii.
give Indo bad.feelings
'The fact that Abdu bought beer for her son is giving Indo bad feelings.'
Example #144:
ya bàa Indoo haushii.
3ms.REL PERF give Indo bad.feelings
'The fact that Abdu bought beer for her son is what gave Indo bad feelings.'
Example #145:
(ya)kèe bâa Indoo haushii.
3ms-REL CONT give Indo bad.feelings
feelings.'
Example #146:
(ya)nàa bâa Indoo haushii.
3ms-CONT give Indo bad.feelings
'The fact that Abdu bought beer for her son is giving Indo bad feelings.'
Example #147:
(nèe) (ya)kèe bâa Indoo haushii.
cop.m 3ms-REL CONT give Indo bad.feelings
feelings.'
Example #148:
(ta/ya)nàa bâa Indoo haushii.
3fs/3ms-CONT give Indo bad.feelings
'The fact that Abdu bought beer for her son is giving Indo bad feelings.'
Example #149:
yaa bàa Indoo haushii.
3ms.PERF give Indo bad.feelings
lit. 'when the Abdus' bought beer for her son it gave Indo bad feeling.'
Example #150:
(nee) ya bàa Indoo haushii.
cop.m 3ms.REL PERF give Indo bad.feelings
lit. 'it is when the Abdus' bought beer her son that gave Indo bad feeling.'
Example #151:
(2) Audù yaa nèemi aikìi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF search-II work
'Audu searched for a job.'
Example #152:
(3) a. Abdù (ya)nàa neemar aikìi.
Abdu (3ms)-CONT search-II-VN work
'Audu is searching for a job.'
Example #153:
b. aikìi nee Abdù (ya)kèe neemaa.
work be.m Abdu (3ms)-REL CONT search-II-VN
'It is a job that Audu is searching for .'
Example #154:
c. Abdù *(yâa) nèemi aikìi.
Abdu 3ms.POT search-II work
'Audu will search for a job.'
Example #155:
(4) (Abdù) yaa zoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF come-VI
'Abdu/ he came.'
Example #156:
(5) a. Abdù yaa nùfi gidaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF head-II home
'Abdu headed home.'
Example #157:
b. yaa nùfi gidaa.
3ms.PERF head-II home
'He headed home.'
Example #158:
(8) a. (Abdù) yanàa yankè kàazaa.
Abdu 3ms-CONT slit-IV chicken
'Abdu/ he is killing the chicken.'
Example #159:
faadàr sarkii.
court-of emir
'Then the people/ they rose up, mind you, and headed for the emir's palace.'
Example #160:
(10) a. (Aali dai) yaa san Abdù.
Ali indeed 3ms.PERF know-II Abdu
'Ali indeed knows Abdu.'
Example #161:
(11) a. Indoo an koomoo gidaa.
Indo IMP.PERF come-VI home
'Indo is back home.'
Example #162:
b. su Indoo an koomoo gidaa.
3p Indo IMP.PERF come-VI home
'Indo is back home.' or 'Indo and others are back home.'
Example #163:
c. Indoo taa koomoo gidaa.
Indo 3fs.PERF come-VI home
'Indo is back home.'
Example #164:
(12) a. daDàa an kaamà Abdù.
so IMP.PERF catch-I Abdu
'So! Abdu is arrested.' (lit. unspecified arrested Abdu.)
Example #165:
b. daDàa Abdù bà à sàamu jaràbaawàa ba.
so Abdu NEG IMP.PERF obtain-II exam NEG
'So! Abdu failed his exam.'
Example #166:
(13) a. Abdù hàlàn an sàamu biyàa kôo.
Abdu I.guess IMP-PERF obtain pay is.it.so
'I can guess it, Abdu you have just been paid.'
Example #167:
b. Abdù hàlàn kaa sàamu biyàa kôo.
Abdu I.guess 2ms-PERF obtain pay is.it.so
'I can guess it, Abdu you have just been paid.'
Example #168:
(14) Abdù yaa/ sun tàfi Kanòo tàre dà ùbanshì.
Abdu 3ms/ 3p.PERF go-III Kano together with fahter-of-3ms
'Abdu went to Kano with his father.'
Example #169:
(15) Abdù yanàa/ sunàa kòokoowàa ((dà) shii) dà Aali.
Abdu 3ms-CONT/ 3p-CONT wrestling ((with) 3ms) with Ali
'Audu wrestling with Ali'
Example #170:
(16) Abdù sun tàfi Kanòo.
Abdu 3p.PERF go-III Kano
'Abdu went to Kano.'
Example #171:
(17) a. Abdù yanàa can yanàa kòokoowàa dà Aali.
Abdu 3ms-CONT there 3ms-CONT wrestling with Ali
'Audu is there wrestling with Ali.'
Example #172:
b. Abdù yanàa can sunàa kòokoowàa dà Aali.
Abdu 3ms-CONT there 3p-CONT wrestling with Ali
'Audu is there wrestling with Ali.'
Example #173:
c. Abdù sunàa can sunàa kòokoowàa dà Aali.
Abdu 3p-CONT there 3p-CONT wrestling with Ali
'Audu is there wrestling with Ali.'
Example #174:
d. *Abdù sunàa can yanàa kòokoowàa dà Aali.
Abdu 3p-CONT there 3ms-CONT wrestling with Ali
'Audu is there wrestling with Ali.'
Example #175:
(18) a. ?Abdù sunàa can yanàa kooyàa mà yâara kàràatuu.
Abdu 3p-CONT there 3ms.CONT teach MA children reading
'Abdu is there teaching to read to the children.'
Example #176:
kàràatuu.
reading
'Abdu is there with the children teaching them to read.'
Example #177:
(19) a. Abdù yaa tattàrà yâaranshì sun tàfi goonaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF gather children-of-3ms 3p.PERF go-III farm
'Abdu gathered all his children and went to the farm.'
Example #178:
b. kin ji màatar Abdù yaa kòoree tà!
2fs.PERF hear wife-of Abdu 3ms.PERF chase.away-IV 3fs
'Have you heard it, that Abdu chased away his wife!'
Example #179:
(20) a. [à sàami gooròo à Poitiers] yanàa dà wùyaa.
IMP.SUB obtain-II kolanuts at Poitiers 3ms-be with difficulty
'It is difficult to find kolanuts in Poitiers.'
Example #180:
b. [ti yanàa dà wùyaa [à sàami gooròo à Poitiers]].
3ms-be with difficulty IMP.SUB obtain-II kolanuts at Poitiers
'It is difficult to find kolanuts in Poitiers.'
Example #181:
(21) a. maalàmâr nan tanàa dà wùyaa.
teacher-of there 3fs-be with difficulty
'that teacher is hard.'
Example #182:
b. *yanàa dà wùyaa maalàmâr nan.
3ms-be with difficulty teacher-of there
'that teacher is hard.'
Example #183:
(22) a. tanàa dà wùyaa maalàmâr nan.
3fs-be with difficulty teacher-of there
'that teacher is hard.'
Example #184:
(20) a. [à sàami gooròo] [à Poitiers] yanàa dà wùyaa.
IMP.SUB obtain-II kolanuts at Poitiers 3ms-be with difficulty
'to find kolanuts in Poitiers is difficult.'
Example #185:
(25) a. [maalàmâr] tanàa dà wùyaa [à gaanèe ta].
teacher-DEF 3fs-be with difficulty IMP.SUB understand 3fs
'The teacher is hard to understand.'
Example #186:
(27) a. [à gaanèe ta maalàmâr] yanàa dà wùyaa.
IMP.SUB understand-IV 3fs teacher-DEF 3ms-be with difficulty
'To understand her (the teacher) is difficult.'
Example #187:
(29) a. yaa kàmaatà [Aishàa tà gamà aikìntà].
3ms.PERF fit-III [Aisha 3fs.SUB finish-I work-3fs]
'It fits that Aisha finishes her work.'
Example #188:
b. *[Aishàa tà gamà aikìntà] yaa kàmaatà.
[Asha 3fs.SUB finish-I work-3fs] 3ms.PERF fit-III
'That Aisha finishes her work fits.'
Example #189:
(30) *Aishàa taa kàmaatà gamà aikìntà.
Aisha 3fs.PERF fit-III finish-I work-of-3fs
'Aisha fits finishing her work.'
Example #190:
(32) a. [Aishàa tà gamà aikìntà] yaa kàmaatà. (=29b)
[Aisha 3fs.SUB finish-I work-3fs] 3ms.PERF fit-III
'It fits that Aisha finishes her work.'
Example #191:
(33) a. ganin Abdù yaa kàmaatà.
seeing-of Abdu 3ms.PERF fit-III
'Seeing Abdu is appropriate.'
Example #192:
b. hakànga/ wannàn yaa kàmaatà.
way-of-this/ this 3ms.PERF fit-III
'This way/ this is appropriate.'
Example #193:
(34) a. tà gamà aikìntà yaa kàmàaci Aishàa.
3fs.SUB finish-I work-of-3fs 3ms.PERF suit-II Aisha
'That she finish her work suits Aisha.'
Example #194:
b. wânnan yaa kàmàacee tà.
that 3ms.PERF suit-II 3fs
'(doing) that suits her.'
Example #195:
(35) a. Abdù (ya)nàa dafà shìnkaafaa.
Abdu (3ms)-CONT cook-I rice
'Audu is cooking some rice.'
Example #196:
b. aikìi nee Abdù (ya)kèe neemaa.
work cop.m Abdu (3ms)-REL CONT search-II-VN
'It is a job that Audu is searching for.'
Example #197:
soo armee bana.
want marriage this.year
'Indo took a loan in case her daughter would want to marry this year.'
Example #198:
d. Abdù ?(ya)kàn nèemi aikìi duk raanii.
Abdu 3ms-HAB search-II job all dry season
'Audu usually searchs for a job in the dry season.'
Example #199:
(36) a. aikìi nee yâara *(su)kà nèemaa.
work be.m boys 3p-REL PERF search-II
'It is a job that the boys searched for.'
Example #200:
b. Abdù zâa *(ya) neeman aikìi.
Abdu FUT-3ms search-VN-II work
'Audu is going to look for a job.'
Example #201:
c. sun cèe Abdù *(yà) zamnàa.
3p.PERF say Abdu 3ms.SUB sit-I
'They asked that Abdu sit.'
Example #202:
(37) a. Abdù (ya)nàa gidaa yànzu.
Abdu 3ms-be home now
'Abdu is at home presently.'
Example #203:
b. ìnaa nèe Abdù *(ya)kè yànzu-u?
where cop.m Abdu 3ms-be now-Q
'Where is Abdu presently?'
Example #204:
(38) a. aikìi nee Abdù (ya)kèe yîi.
work cop.m Abdu 3ms-CONT do-VN
'It is work that Abdu is doing.'
Example #205:
b. aikìi nee Abdù *(ya)kèe.
work cop.m Abdu 3ms-CONT
'It is work that Abdu is (doing).' (lit 'It is work that Abdu is at)
Example #206:
(40) a. Abdù (ya)nàa dafà shìnkaafaa.
Abdu (3ms)-CONT cook-I rice
'Audu is cooking some rice.'
Example #207:
aikìi à gidan sarkii]].
work at house-of emir
'I saw the boy who works at the emir's house.'
Example #208:
zuwàa]]]?
come-DN
'Who did Ali say are coming?'
Example #209:
d. yaaròn nan, pro *(ya)nàa aikìi à gidan sarkii]].
boy-of there 3ms-CONT work at house-of emir
'As for that boy, he works at the emir's house.'
Example #210:
iikòo dà yawàa.
power with a.lot
'The teachersi think theyi have a lot of power.'
Example #211:
zàagi mijìi.
insult husband
insult one's husband!'
Example #212:
wuKaa.
knife
'Kalala is there struggling to sharpen the knife.'
Example #213:
màataa]].
wife
So, people, who did you see (who) has a wife?'
Example #214:
(42) a. yâara (su)nàa jiifàr kàren Indoo.
kids 3p-CONT throw-II-DN-of dog-of Indo
'Some kids are throwing at Indo's dog.'
Example #215:
b. yâara shàKìffai (su)nàa jiifàr kàren Indoo.
kids malicious 3p-CONT throw-II-DN-of dog-of Indo
'The malicious kids are throwing at Indo's dog.'
Example #216:
c leebùra waDàndà Abdù ya kiraa (su)nàa jiràa.
laborers who-p-that Abdu 3msREL PERF call 3p-CONT waiting
'The laborers that Abdu called are waiting.'
Example #217:
d. mootàr Kanèn Abdù (ta)nàa dà faaDii sòosai.
car-of younger brother-of Abdu 3fs-be with largeness very
'The car of Abdu's younger sibling is very large.'
Example #218:
(43) a. shii *(ya)nàa wankè mootàrshì.
3ms 3ms-CONT wash car-of-3ms
'He is washing his car.'
Example #219:
b. nii *(i)nàa zuwàa.
1s 1s-CONT going
'I am going.'
Example #220:
c. ita *(ta)nàa zuwàa.
3fs 3fs-CONT going
'she is going.'
Example #221:
(44) a. Abdù (ya)nàa wankè mootàrshì.
Abdu 3ms-CONT wash car-of-3ms
'Abdu is washing his car.'
Example #222:
b. Abdù fa (ya)nàa wankè mootàrshì.
Abdu indeed 3ms-CONT wash car-of-3ms
'Abdu is indeed washing his car.'
Example #223:
c. Abdù dai ?(ya)nàa wankè mootàrshì.
Abdu indeed 3ms-CONT wash car-of-3ms
'Abdu indeed is washing his car.'
Example #224:
d. Abdù lallee *(ya)nàa wankè mootàr-shì.
Abdu in fact 3ms-CONT wash car-of-3ms
'Abdu in fact is washing his car.'
Example #225:
(45) a. S1: naa ji Abdù dà Aali sun tàfi Kanòo.
1s.PERF hear Abdu and Ali 3p.PERF go-III Kano
'I heard that Abdu and Ali went to Kano.'
Example #226:
sanèe mâa Aali ba.
know-IV MA Ali NEG
'Abdu indeed went, but I don't know about Ali.'
Example #227:
(46) a. S1: an cèe Abdu baa yàa sôn Bàlki.
IMP.PERF say Abdu NEG.CONT 3ms love-DN-of Balki
'It is said that Abdu doesn't love Balki.'
Example #228:
(47) Kalala (ya)nàa can (ya)nàa faamaa dà waashìn wuKaa
Kalala 3ms-be there 3ms-CONT struggle with sharpening-of knife
'Kalala is there struggling to sharpen the knife.'
Example #229:
(49) a. Kalala (ya)nàa can Bàlki (ta)nàa mashì askìi.
Kalala 3ms-be there Balki 3fs-CONT MA-3ms hair-cut
'Kalala is there at Balki's house where she is cutting his hair.'
Example #230:
b. ??Kalala (ya)nàa can Abdù nàa wankè mà Indoo rìigaa.
Kalala 3ms-be there Abdu CONT wash-IV MA Indo gown
??'Kalala is there Abdu is washing Indo's gown.'
Example #231:
waashìn wuKaa.
sharpening-of knife
'Kalala is at Balki's house struggling to sharpen the knife.'
Example #232:
waashìn wuKaa.
sharpening-of knife
'Kalala is in the room struggling to sharpen the knife.'
Example #233:
waashìn wuKaa.
sharpening-of knife
'Kalala is in the room struggling to sharpen the knife.'
Example #234:
yawàa.
a lot
'The teachersi think theyi have a lot of autority.'
Example #235:
(51) Kalala (ya)nàa gidan Bàlki tanàa mashì askìi.
Kalala 3ms-be house-of Balki 3fs-CONT MA-3ms hair-cut
'Kalala is at Balki's house where she is cutting his hair.'
Example #236:
(52) a. shii Abdù *(ya)nàa sôn Bàlki.
3ms Abdu 3ms-CONT want-DN Balki
'As for Abdu, he loves Balki.'
Example #237:
(53) a. (shii) Abdù àbin wàasaa] *(ya)kèe yîi.
3ms Abdu thing-of play 3ms.REL CONT do-VN
'As for Abdu, it is a toy that he is making.'
Example #238:
b. [àbin wàasaa] (*shii) Abdù yakèe yîi.
thing-of play 3ms Abdu 3ms.REL CONT do-VN
'It is a toy that Abdu is making.'
Example #239:
(55) a. (shii) Abdù [an cèe [*(ya)nàa sôn Bàlki]].
3ms Abdu IMP.PERF say 3ms-CONT want-DN Balki
'As for Abdu, it was said that he loves Balki.'
Example #240:
b. [an cèe [shii Abdù *(ya)nàa sôn Bàlki]].
IMP.PERF say 3ms Abdu 3ms-CONT want-DN Balki
'As for Abdu, it was said that he loves Balki.'
Example #241:
c. [an cèe [Abdù (ya)nàa sôn Bàlki]].
IMP.PERF say Abdu 3ms-CONT want-DN Balki
'It was said that Abdu loves Balki.'
Example #242:
(57) (shii) Abdù gòobe *(ya)nàa zuwàa aikìi.
3ms Abdu tomorrow 3ms-CONT going work
'As for Abdu, he is going to work tomorrow.'
Example #243:
(59) a. Abdù (nee) (ya)kè wankè mootàrshì.
Abdu cop.m 3ms-REL CONT wash car-of-3ms
'It is Abdu who is washing his car.'
Example #244:
b. Abdù nee [aka cêe [(ya)kèe wankè mootàrshì]].
Abdu cop.m IMP-REL PERF say 3ms-REL CONT wash car-of-3ms
'It is Abdu who was said to be washing his car.'
Example #245:
c. Abdù [aka cêe [(ya)nàa wankè mootàrshì]].
Abdu IMP-REL CONT say 3ms-CONT wash car-of-3ms
'It is Abdu who was said to be washing his car.'
Example #246:
d. shii (nee) (ya)kèe wankè mootàrshì.
3ms cop.m 3ms-REL CONT wash car-of-3ms
'It is he who is washing his car.'
Example #247:
e. Abdù nee lallee (ya)kèe wankè mootàrshì.
Abdu cop.m in fact 3ms-REL CONT wash car-of 3ms
'It is in fact Abdu who is washing his car.'
Example #248:
zàton [(ya)nàa aikìi à gidan sarkii]].
thinking 3ms-REL CONT work at house-of emir
'I saw the boy who Indo thinks he works at the emir's house.'
Example #249:
b. suwàa nee [Aali ya cèe [*(su)nàa zuwàa]]?
3p-who cop.p Ali 3ms.REL PERF say 3p-CONT come-DN
'Who did Ali say are coming?'
Example #250:
c. wàa nee nèe [Aali ya cèe [(ya)nàa zuwàa]]?
who cop cop. Ali 3ms.REL PERF say 3ms-CONT come-DN
'?Who did Ali say is coming?'
Example #251:
màataa]]?
wife
'So, people, who did you see (who) has a wife?'
Example #252:
wankè mootàrshì]].
wash-IV car-of-3ms
'It is Abdu who was reported to Indo to be washing his car.'
Example #253:
wankè mootàrshì]].
wash-IV car-of-3ms
'It is Abdu who was reported to her to be washing his car.'
Example #254:
zuwàa]]?
come-DN
'Who did Ali reported to Indo that he is coming?'
Example #255:
zuwàa]]?
come-DN
'Who did Ali reported to you that he is coming?'
Example #256:
mootàarshì].
car-of-3ms
'It is Abdu who is at Indo's house washing his car.'
Example #257:
mootàarshì].
car-of-3ms
'It is Abdu who is at her house washing his car.'
Example #258:
c. ?Abdù nee [kèe can] [(ya)nàa wankè mootàarshì].
Abdu cop.m REL CONT there 3ms-CONT wash-IV car-of-3ms
'It is Abdu who is there washing his car.'
Example #259:
(64) a. Abdù yanàa sôn teebùr.
Abdu 3ms-CONT want-DN-of teebùr
'Abdu wants the table.'
Example #260:
b. teebùr Abdù yanàa sôo.
teebùr Abdu 3ms-CONT want-DN
'As for the table, Abdu wants [it].'
Example #261:
c. teebùr Abdù --nàa sôo.
teebùr Abdu --CONT want-DN
'As for the table, Abdu wants [it].'
Example #262:
d. wàa --kèe sôn teebùr?
who --REL CONT want-DN-of table
'Who wants the table?'
Example #263:
(i) a. shii Abdù bà ?à/ shì sàamu jaràbaawàa ba.
(3ms) Abdu NEG.PERF IMP/ 3ms obtain-II exam NEG
'As for Abdu, he did not pass his exam.'
Example #264:
b. Abdù nee *akèe / yakèe wankè mootàrshì.
Abdu cop.m IMP-REL CONT/ 3ms-REL CONT wash car-of-3ms
'It is Abdu who is washing his car.'
Example #265:
c. shii *an / yaa sàamu jaràbaawàa.
3ms IMP.PERF/ 3ms.PERF obtain-II exam
'He passed his exam.'
Example #266:
a. gr1: sun nunà lèemuu. (C-form)
3p.PERF ripen-I lemon
'They ripened the lemon.'
Example #267:
b. gr2: sun nùni lèemuu. (C-form)
3p.PERF ripen-II lemon
'They ripened lemon.'
Example #268:
c. gr3: lèemuu yaa nùna. (A-form)
lemon 3ms.PERF ripen-III
'The lemon ripened.'
Example #269:
d. gr4: sun nunè lèemuu. (C-form)
3p.PERF ripen-IV lemon
'They completely ripened the lemon.'
Example #270:
e. gr5: sun nunar dà lèemuu. (C-form)
3p.PERF ripen V lemon
'They ripened the lemon.'
Example #271:
f. gr6: sun nunoo lèemuu. (C-form)
3p.PERF ripen-VI lemon
'They ripened lemon and came back.'
Example #272:
g. gr7: lèemuu yaa nùnu. (A-form)
lemon 3ms.PERF ripen-VII
'The lemon is well ripened.'
Example #273:
(15) a. Abdù yaa kaamà tumkìyaa (à) goonaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF seize-I sheep (at) field
'Abdu grabbed a sheep in the field.'
Example #274:
b. tumkìyaa cèe Abdù ya kaamàa (à) goonaa.
sheep cop.f Abdu 3ms.REL PERF seize-I (at) field
'It is a sheep that Abdu grabbed in the field.'
Example #275:
(16) a. Abdù yaa nèemi aikìi (à) can.
Abdu 3ms.PERF look-II work (at) there
'Abdu looked for a job there.'
Example #276:
b. aikìi, Abdù yaa nèemaa (à) can.
job, Abdu 3ms.PERF look-II (at) there
'A job? Abdu did look for one there.'
Example #277:
(18) Abdù yaa tankoo mà Indoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF reply-VI MA Indo
'Abdu replied to Indo and came.'
Example #278:
(21) a. yaàra sun zamnàa (à) kujèerar maalàm.
children 3p.PERF sit-I (on) chair-of teacher
'The children sat on the teacher's chair.'
Example #279:
b. yaàra sun zamnà kujèerar maalàm.
children 3p.PERF sit-I chair-of teacher
'The children sat on the teacher's chair.'
Example #280:
(22) a. yaa gittàa/ mootsàa/ juuyàa/ karkàtaa.
3ms.PERF cross-I/ move-I/ rotated-I / bend-I
'He/it crossed in front/ moved/ rotated/ bent.'
Example #281:
yaaròo/ karkàtà yaaròo.
child/ bend-I child
'Indo put the child accross/ moved the child/ turned the child/ bent the child.'
Example #282:
(23) a. aikìi yaa jaa/ jaayàa.
work 3ms.PERF pull/ pull-I
'The work has progressed.'
Example #283:
b. ruwaa sun jaayàa.
water 3p.PERF pull-I
'The water (flood) has withdrawn.'
Example #284:
(26) a. yaa Doorà kaayaa à mootàa.
3ms.PERF load-I goods on truck
'He loaded the goods on the truck.'
Example #285:
b. yaa Dooràa à mootàa.
3ms.PERF load-I on truck
'He loaded (the goods) on the truck.'
Example #286:
(29) a. sun gyaarà mootar Abdù dà kìlêe.
3p.PERF repair-I car-of Abdu with wrench
'They repaired Abdu's car with a wrench.'
Example #287:
b. sun gyaaràa mà Abdù mootàa dà kìlêe.
3p.PERF repair-I MA Abdu car with wrench
'They repaired Abdu his car with a wrench.'
Example #288:
c. *sun gyaarà Abdù mootàa dà kìlêe.
3p.PERF repair Abdu car with wrench
'They repaired Abdu his car with a wrench.'
Example #289:
d. *sun gyaarà kìlêe (à) mootar Abdù.
3p.PERF repair wrench (on) car Abdu
'They repaired Abdu's car with a wrench.'
Example #290:
(31) a. Abdù yaa ji/ *jiyà miryàa. (C-form)
Abdu 3ms.PERF hear/ hear voice
'Abdu heard a voice.'
Example #291:
b. Abdù yaa ji/ jiyàa. (A-form)
Abdu 3ms.PERF hear/ hear-I
'Abdù heard (sth.).
Example #292:
(33) a. Abdù yaa bànki iccèe dà mootàa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF hit-II tree with car
'Abdu hit a tree with the car.'
Example #293:
b. Abdù yaa bankà mootàa à iccèe.
Abdu 3ms.PERF ram-I car at tree
'Abdu rammed the car into a tree.'
Example #294:
(36) a. taa kiraa/ kìràayi Abdù.(C-form)
3fs.PERF call/ call-II Abdu.
'She called Abdu.
Example #295:
b. taa jiraa kì/ jìràayee kì awàa biyu.(B-form)
3fs.PERF wait 2fs/ wait-II 2fs hour two
'She waited for you for two hours.'
Example #296:
c. Abdù nee sukà rigyaa/ rìgyaayàa. (A-form)
Abdu cop.m 3p-REL PERF precede/ precede-II
'It is Abdu that they preceded.'
Example #297:
saamùu/ sakìi/ faDìi.
obtain/ release/ tell
'You don't know what they know/ have left/ obtained/ released/ told.'
Example #298:
(38) a. sun ci/ cìyi masàraa, kuma sun shaa/ shàyi giyàa.
3p.PERF eat/ eat -II corn and 3p.PERF drink/ drink-II beer
'They ate corn and drank beer.'
Example #299:
giyàa.
beer
'They are eating corn and drinking beer.'
Example #300:
sukèe sôo.
3p-REL CONT want
'It is something better than it that they want.'
Example #301:
à hàmaadàa.
in desert
*'They more or less searched for the ten people who were lost in the desert.'
Example #302:
Bacèe à hàmaadàa.
lose-IV in desert
'They more or less searched for the ten people who were lost in the desert.'
Example #303:
(47) a. Abdù yaa gajiyar dà shaanuu.
Abdu 3ms.PERF tire V cows
'Abdu tired the bulls.'
Example #304:
b. *Abdù yaa gajar dà shaanuu.
Abdu 3ms.PERF tire V cows
'Abdu tired the bulls.'
Example #305:
(51) a. tàntabàraa taa dìra/ hìra/ tùma.
pigeon 3fs.PERF land-III/ fly-III/ jump-III
'The pigeon landed/ took off/ jumped.'
Example #306:
bisa shìgifàa.
on house
'The pigeon rested on a branch/ flew inside/ jumped on the roof.'
Example #307:
(63) a. Abdù yaa fàDi màganàa à gàban sarkii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF tell-II matter at front-of emir
'Abdu told the matter before the emir.'
Example #308:
b. Abdù yaa faDàa mà sarkii màganàa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF tell MA emir matter
'Abdu told the emir the matter.'
Example #309:
(64) a. tàfiyàa taa faasàa.
trip 3fs.PERF be cancel-I
'The trip is cancelled.'
Example #310:
b. Abdù yaa faasà tàfiyàa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF cancel-I trip
'Abdu cancelled the trip.'
Example #311:
(65) a. Abdù yaa faaDì.
Abdu 3ms.PERF fall-III
'Abdu felt.'
Example #312:
b. Abdù yaa faadàa ruwa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF fall-I in.water
'Abdu felt into the water.'
Example #313:
(68) a. Abdù yaa àiki yaarònkì (à kàasuwaa).
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-II boy-of-2fs (at market)
'Abdu sent your boy (to the market).'
Example #314:
b. Abdù yaa aikà yaarònkì *( à makarantaa) .
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-I boy-of-2fs at school
'Abdu sent your boy at school.'
Example #315:
(69) a. Abdù yaa tùnkùDi Indoo (*à ruwaa).
Abdu 3ms.PERF bump-II Indo (in water)
'Abdu bumped into Indo.'
Example #316:
b. Abdù yaa tunkùDà Indoo *( à ruwaa) .
Abdu 3ms.PERF push Indo (in water)
'Abdu pushed Indo into the water.'
Example #317:
(70) a. maalàm yaa fùskànci gabàs.
teacher 3ms.PERF face-II east
'The teacher faced toward east'
Example #318:
b. maalàm yaa fuskàntà Dàalìbbai gabàs.
teacher 3ms.PERF face-I students east
'The teacher made the student face east.'
Example #319:
(71) a. Abdù yaa bànki iccèe (dà mootàa).
Abdu 3ms.PERF hit-II tree with car
'Abdu hit a tree with the car.'
Example #320:
b. Abdù yaa bankà mootàa *( à iccèe) .
Abdu 3ms.PERF ram-I car at tree
'Abdu rammed the car into a tree.'
Example #321:
(72) yaa halbà bindigà (à tsakar tàaroo).
3ms.PERF shoot-I gun (at middle-of crowd)
'He fired a gun (in the middle of a crowd).'
Example #322:
(79) Abdù nee sukà bi/ bìyaa.
Abdu cop.m 3p-REL PERF follow/ follow-II
'It is Abdu that they followed.'
Example #323:
(85) a. mahàlbaa sun dannè bàreewaa.
hunters 3p.PERF pin down-IV deer
'The hunters completely pinned down a deer.'
Example #324:
b. kàazaa taa dannè KwayàaKwayintà.
hen 3fs.PERF pin down-IV eggs-of-3fs
'The hen covered all of its eggs.'
Example #325:
(1) a. yâara sunàa wankè raagunàa.
children 3p-CONT clean-IV rams
'The children are cleaning the rams.'
Example #326:
b. à nannìya nèe mutàanee sukèe tàaruwaa kullum.
at here cop.m people 3p-REL CONT gather-DN everyday
'It is here where people gather everyday.'
Example #327:
c. nii maa inàa zuwàa Kanòo.
1s too 1s-CONT go-DN Kano
'Me too I usually go to Kano.'
Example #328:
*Shinàa (gà) sanìn Abdù.
3ms-CONT at know-II-DN Abdu
*'He is knowing Abdu.'
Example #329:
*Shinàa (gà) azà munàa zôowaa.
3ms-CONT at posit-I 1p-CONT come-VI-VN
*'He is believing we are coming.'
Example #330:
*Abindà ka yi yanàa (gà) kàmaatàrka.
thing.that 2ms.REL PERF do 3ms-CONT at fitting-of-2ms
'What you did is appropriate for you.'
Example #331:
*Abdù yanàa (gà) tsuufar Indoo.
Abdu 3ms-CONT at be.old-III-VN Indo
*'Abdu is being senior to Indo.'
Example #332:
*Abdù yanàa (gà) girmar Indoo.
Abdu 3ms-CONT at grow-II-VN Indo
*'Abdu is being older than Indo.'
Example #333:
*Abdù yanàa (gà) datà Aali tsawoo.
Abdu 3ms-CONT at equal-I Ali height
*'Abdu is equaling Ali in height.'
Example #334:
(3) a. *yakàn sanìn Abdù/ amsàr.
3ms.HAB know-II-DN Abdu/ response
'He usually knows *Abdu/ the answer.'
Example #335:
b. *yakàn gìrmi Indoo.
3ms.HAB grow-II Indo
*'He usually is older than Indo.'
Example #336:
c. nii maa nîi gìrmi Indoo.
1s too 1s.POT grow-II Indo
'Me too I am probably older than Indo.'
Example #337:
d. *Abdù zâa ya azà kunàa zuwàa gòobe.
Abdu FUT-3ms posit-I 2p-CONT come-VN tomorrow
'Abdu will believe that you are coming.'
Example #338:
Shinàa (*gà) jin màganàa Dakà.
3ms-CONT at hear-DN talk inside.room
'He is perceiving voices in the room.'
Example #339:
Kasàashen Tuurai.
countries-of Europe
'Balki usually receives letters from Europe.'
Example #340:
Shinàa (*gà) gaanè ajìi.
3ms-CONT at understand-IV course
'He usually understands the course.'
Example #341:
sukà isoo.
3p-REL PERF arrive-VI
'Abdu just had a seat when the children arrived.'
Example #342:
akà bugoo wayàa.
IMP-REL PERF hit-VI wire
'Abdu has just lay down on bed when the telephone rang.'
Example #343:
shinàa (gà) kallon maKèerii.
3ms-CONT at look-DN blacksmith
'He is watching the blacksmith.'
Example #344:
shinàa (gà) sàuraaràr reediyòo.
3ms-CONT at listen-DN radio
'He is listening to the radio.'
Example #345:
Abdù yanàa (gà) lùuraa dà shi.
Abdu 3ms-CONT at attending with 3ms
'Abdu is attending to him (the child).'
Example #346:
Abdù shinàa (ga) cikà tùuluu.
Abdu 3ms-CONT at fill-I pot
'Abdu is filling the pot.'
Example #347:
Indoo tanàa (gà) diibìn abikkiyàr gàabartà
Indo 3fs-CONT at survelling friend-of rivalry-of-3fs
'Indo is monitoring her rival.'
Example #348:
macìijii yanàa (gà) mootsàawaa.
snake 3ms-CONT at move-I-VN
'The snake is moving.'
Example #349:
*yaa san Abdù dà hamzarii/ dà Karfii.
3ms.PERF know-II Abdu with rapidity/ with force
*'He knows Abdu rapidly/ vigorously.'
Example #350:
*Abdù yaa tsòofi Indoo à hankàlii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF be.old-II Indo at carefulness
*'Abdu is senior to Indo carefully.'
Example #351:
a. *Azà munàa zuwàa yànzu!
posit 1p-CONT go-VN now
*'Believe that we are coming now!'
Example #352:
b. *An sâa shi sanìn Abdù.
IMP.PERF put 3ms know-DN Abdu
*'He was forced to know Abdu.'
Example #353:
c. *Dàtà Abdù tsawoo!
equal-I Abdu height
*'Be equal to Abdu in height!'
Example #354:
d. *An tiilàsaa shi tsuufan Indoo.
IMP.PERF force-I 3ms be.old-DN Indo
*'He was forced to be senior to Indo.'
Example #355:
(11) a. taa îskè yaaròo rìKe gà Abdù.
3fs.PERF find-IV child held by Abdu
'She found the child being held by Abdu .'
Example #356:
b. taa îskè Abdù rìKe dà yaaròo.
3fs.PERF find-IV Abdu held with child
'She found Abdu holding the child.'
Example #357:
c. jirgin ruwaa yaa isoo kàrkàce.
vessel-of water 3ms.PERF arrive-VI tilted
'The boat arrived tilted.'
Example #358:
d. zôwaa rìKe/ isòowaa kàrkàce
come-VI-VN held/ arrive-VI-VN tilted
'coming while held/ arriving in a tilted manner'
Example #359:
e. yaaròo rìKKaKee/ yaarinyàa rìKaKKaa
boy held.ms/ girl held.fs
'boy (that is) held/ girl (that is) held'
Example #360:
(12) a. *Zuwàmmù yanàa àje gà Abdù.
come-DN-of-1p 3ms-CONT believed on Abdu
'Our arrival is believed by Abdu.'
Example #361:
b. *Abdù yaa zâmnaa àje dà zuwàmmù.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I believing with come-DN-of-1p
'Abdu sat believing in our arrival.'
Example #362:
(13) a. Abdù yaa ruugàa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF run.away-I
'Abdu run away.'
Example #363:
(14) a. *naa ga yâara sunàa ruugàawaa (makarantaa).
1s.PERF see children 3p-CONT run-I-VN school
'I saw the children running (for school).'
Example #364:
b. *naa ga Indoo tanàa tàfiyàa (gidaa).
1s.PERF see Indo 3fs-CONT go-III-VN (home)
'I saw Indo going home.'
Example #365:
c. ??Abdù yanàa rayàawaa.
Abdu 3ms-CONT dance-I-VN
'Abdu is dancing.'
Example #366:
(15) a. ??Abdù yaa ruugàa gidaa cikin awàa gùdaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF run-I home inside-of hour one
'Abdu ran home in an hour.'
Example #367:
b. Abdù yaa ruugàa shâa gidaa cikin awàa gùdaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF run-I up.to home inside-of hour one
'Abdu ran home in an hour.'
Example #368:
awàa gùdaa.
hour one
'Abdu ran and reached home in an hour.'
Example #369:
d. Abdù yaa ruugàa yaa nùfi gidaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF run-I 3ms.PERF head-II home
?'Abdu ran (and) he headed home.'
Example #370:
(16) a. *Tùuluu yanàa gà fashèewaa.
pot 3ms-CONT at break-IV-VN
'The pot is breaking.'
Example #371:
b. *Indoo tanàa gà ìsaa MaraaDi.
Indo 3fs-CONT at arrive-III-VN Maradi
*'Indo is arriving in Maradi.'
Example #372:
c. *Aali yanàa gà zaamaa dòodoo.
Ali 3ms-CONT at become-III dragon
'Ali is becoming a dragon.'
Example #373:
d. *yâara sunàa gà tunàawaa dà tsoofon kàakansù.
children 3p-CONT at remember-I-VN with old grandpa
*'The children are remembering their old grandpa.'
Example #374:
(17) a. Jàkkii nàa gà mutuwàa.
donkey CONT at die-DN
'The donkey is dying.'
Example #375:
b. tùulun Bàlki yanàa gà cìkaa.
pot-of Balki 3ms-CONT at fill.up-III-VN
'Balki's pot is filling up.'
Example #376:
c. Darmàa tanàa gà narkèewaa.
lead 3fs-CONT at melt-IV-VN
'The lead is melting.'
Example #377:
d. Rìigaa tanàa gà tsanèewaa.
gown 3fs-CONT at dry-IV-VN
'The gown is drying.'
Example #378:
e. cikìn Aali yanàa gà kùmburàa.
belly-of Ali 3ms-CONT at balloon-III-VN
'Ali's stomach is ballooning.'
Example #379:
f. macìijii yanàa gà naDèewaa.
snake 3ms-CONT at coil-IV-VN
'The snake is coiling.'
Example #380:
lùuraa.
notice-III-VN
*'He stopped understanding/ realizing/ noticing.'
Example #381:
b. *yaa dainà zamnàawaa/ taashìi/ juuyàawaa.
3ms.PERF stop-I sit-I-VN/ rise-DN/ turn.over-I-VN
*'He stopped sitting down/ standing up/ turning over.'
Example #382:
c. *yaa dainà ruugàawaa/ tseerèewaa/ tafiyàa.
3ms.PERF stop-I run.away-I-VN/ escape-IV-VN/ leave-DN
*'He stopped taking off/ escaping/ departing.'
Example #383:
(19) a. Tùuluu yaa dainà cìkaa.
pot 3ms.PERF stop-I fill-III-VN
'The pot has stopped filling up (half way).'
Example #384:
b. Darmàa taa dainà narkèewaa.
lead 3fs.PERF stop-I melt-IV-VN
'The lead has stopped melting.'
Example #385:
c. Rìigaa taa dainà tsanèewaa.
gown 3fs.PERF stop-I dry-IV-VN
'The gown has stopped drying.'
Example #386:
d. yaa dainà kòoyoo.
3ms.PERF stop-I learn-DN
'He has stopped learning.'
Example #387:
(20) yaa bar zamaa/ *zamnàawaa à nân.
3ms stop-II sit-DN/ sit-I-VN at here
'He no longer sits here.' or 'He no longer lives here.'
Example #388:
(21) a. taa taashì zumut!/ zamnàa gwaràm !
3fs.PERF rise-III zumut/ sit-I gwaràm
'She sprang up quick/ sat clumsily (boom!).'
Example #389:
b. Indoo taa durKùsaa sànnu sànnu ajè tùulun ruwaa.
Indo 3fs.PERF kneel-I slowly put.down-IV pot-of water
'Indo kneeled down slowly to deposit the water pot.'
Example #390:
duddùuKee nandànan.
REDUP-bent-IV quickly
'When an arrow was shot, everyone kneeled down quickly.'
Example #391:
d. yaa fanfàraa dà gudùu wàje.
3ms.PERF sprint-I with running out
'He sprang out fast.'
Example #392:
(22) a. Jàkkii ya mutù nadànan.
donkey 3ms.REL PERF die quickly
'The donkey died quick.'
Example #393:
b. tùulun Bàlki yanàa dà nàwar cìkaa.
pot-of Balki 3ms-CONT with slowness-of fill.up-III-VN
'Balki's pot is slow to fill up.'
Example #394:
c. Darmàa tanàa gà narkèewaa sànnu sànnu.
lead 3fs-CONT at melt-IV-VN slowly
'The lead is slowly melting.'
Example #395:
d. Abdù yà gàji dà noomaa nandànan.
Abdu 3ms.REL PERF tire with hoeing quickly
'Abdu got tired of hoeing quickly.'
Example #396:
(23) a. Abdu yaa gaanèe/ farga/ fahamoo sànnu sànnu.
Abdu 3ms.PERF understand-IV/ realize-III/ remember-VI slowly
'Abdu understood/ realized/ remembered slowly.'
Example #397:
b. yaa rasà ùbaa/ tardà ùbaa/ bar ùbaa nandànan
3ms.PERF lost-I father/ find-I father/ left-II father quickly
'He lost/ found/ left his father quickly.'
Example #398:
d. yaa gamà/ Kaarè/ dainà/ tsaidà/ aikìi nandànan.
3ms.PERF finish-I/ finish-IV/ stop-I/ stop-I work quickly
'He finished/ finished/ stopped/ stopped working quickly.'
Example #399:
(24) a. tàashi!
IMPER-rise-III
'Stand up!'
Example #400:
b. Abdù yaa tiilàsaa mà Aali taashì dàgà kujèeraa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF force-I MA Ali rise-III-DN from chair
'Abdu forced Ali to stand up off the chair.'
Example #401:
(25) a. mùtu in dan muu!
IMPER-die if for 1p
'Die if you will, we don't care.'
Example #402:
b. Abdù yaa tiilàsaa mà Aali fìtaa wàje.
Abdu 3ms.PERF force-I MA Ali get.out-III-DN out
'Abdu forced Ali to get out.'
Example #403:
(26) a Indoo taa taashì tsàye.
Indo 3fs.PERF rise-III stopped
lit.: 'Indo rose up stopped.'
Example #404:
ya wucèe bâa koo ìnaa kwaanankù.
3ms.REL PERF pass-IV NEG even where day-of-2p
'His in laws were sitting at the entrance, but Abdu passed
Example #405:
(27) a. Tuuluu yaa cìka cìke.
pot 3ms.PERF fill.up-III filled up
'The pot filled up (full).'
Example #406:
b. mun îskè jaakii màce.
1p.PERF find-IV donkey dead
'We found the donkey dead.'
Example #407:
(28) a. *Abdù yaa fìta wàje dà Karfii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF go.out-III out with force
*'Abdu went out vigorously.'
Example #408:
b. *Dàalìbbai sun zamnàa kùjèerunsù dà Karfii.
pupils 3p.PERF sit-I chairs-of-3p with force
*'The pupils sat on their chairs vigorously.'
Example #409:
(29) a. *jaakii yaa macèe dà Karfii.
donkey 3ms.PERF die-IV with force
*'The donkey died vigorously.'
Example #410:
b. *tùuluu yaa cìka dà Karfii.
pot 3ms.PERF fill.up-III with force
*'The pot filled up vigorously.'
Example #411:
a. *yaa gamà gaanèewaa/ fargaa/ lùuraa.
3ms.PERF finish-I understand-IV-VN/ realize-III-DN/ notice-III-DN
*'He finished understanding/ realizing/ noticing.'
Example #412:
b. *yaa gamà zamnàawaa/ taashìi/ juuyàawaa.
3ms.PERF finish-I sit.I-VN/ rise-DN/ turn-I-VN
*'He finished sitting down/ standing up/ (re)turning.'
Example #413:
c. *yaa Kaarè ruugàawaa/ tseerèewaa/ tafiyàa.
3ms.PERF finish-IV run.away-I-VN/ escape-IV-VN/ depart-DN
*'He finished running away/ escaping/ departing.'
Example #414:
d. *yaa Kaarè barìi/ saamùu.
3ms.PERF finish-IV let-II-DN/ obtain-II-DN
*'He finished letting/ obtaining.'
Example #415:
a. ?Tùuluu yaa gamà cìkaa. (= yaa cìkaa)
pot 3ms.PERF finish-I fill.up-III-DN
?'The pot finished filling up.' (= filled up)
Example #416:
b. ?Darmàa taa gamà narkèewaa. (= taa narkèe)
lead 3fs.PERF finish-I melt-IV-VN
?'The lead finished melting.' (= melted)
Example #417:
c. ?Rìigaa taa gamà tsanèewaa. (= taa tsanèe)
gown 3fs.PERF finish-I dry-IV-VN
?'The gown finished drying.' (= dried)
Example #418:
d. ?yaa gamà kòoyoo. (= yaa kòoyaa)
3ms.PERF finish-I learn-DN
?'He finished learning.' (= he learned)
Example #419:
(33) a. *Abdù yaa ganee tà/ jii tà nandànan.
Abdu 3ms.PERF see-II 3fs/ hear 3fs quickly
*'Abdu saw her/ heard her quickly.'
Example #420:
(35) *taa Kaarè mootsàawaa/ tankàawaa/ juuyàawaa.
3fs.PERF finish-IV move-I-VN/ reply-I-VN/ rotate-I-VN
'She finished moving/ replying/ rotating.'
Example #421:
(36) a. taa dainà sàuràaren reediyòo.
3fs.PERF stop-I listen-DN radio
'She stopped listening to the radio.'
Example #422:
b. taa dainà lùuraa da yaàra.
3fs.PERF stop-I attend-III with children
'She stopped attending to the children.'
Example #423:
(37) a. taa juuyàa dà Karfii.
3ms.PERF rotate-I with force
'She rotated vigorously.'
Example #424:
daawoo!
come.back
'Please, attend to these children till I come back.'
Example #425:
c. soojoojii sun sàa dàalìbai sù kàlli raanaa.
soldiers 3p.PERF put-I students 3p.SUB look-II sun
'The soldiers forced the students to stare at the sun.'
Example #426:
(38) a. yanàa kwaanaa.
3ms-CONT sleep
'He is sleeping.' lit: 'he is (doing/ at) sleep'
Example #427:
b. yanàa hiira.
3ms-CONT conversation
'He is conversing.' lit: 'he is (doing/ at) conversation'
Example #428:
c. yanàa wàasaa.
3ms-CONT play
'He is playing.' lit: 'he is (doing/ at) play'
Example #429:
d. yanàa aikìi.
3ms-CONT work
'He is working.' lit: 'he is (doing/ at) work'
Example #430:
(39) a. yanàa rawaa./ yaa rayàa.
3ms-CONT dance/ 3ms-PERF dance-I-
'He is dacing.'/ 'He danced.'
Example #431:
b. yanàa kuukaa/ yaa kookàa
3ms-CONT cry/ 3ms.PERF cry-I
'He is crying.'/ 'He cried.'
Example #432:
(44) a. yaa swaaBà dooyàa dà Karfii.
3ms.PERF mash-I yam with force
'He mashed the yam vigorously.'
Example #433:
b. nàrkee manì darmàr nan!
IMPER.melt-IV MA-1s lead-of there
'Melt that lead for me, please!'
Example #434:
c. An tiilàsaa su cikà tuulunàa.
IMP.PERF force-I 3p fill.up-I pots
'They were forced to fill up the pots.'
Example #435:
b. sun ga Dìyar Bàlki gòoye.
3p.PERF see-II daughter-of Balki carried.on.back
'They saw Balki's daughter carried on back.'
Example #436:
(46) a. *sun ga Bàlki nàrkee dà darmàa.
3p.PERF see-II Balki melting with lead
'They saw Balki melting the lead.'
Example #437:
b. sun îskè darmàa à nàrke.
3p.PERF find-IV lead at melted
'They found the lead melted.'
Example #438:
(47) a. sun ga Bàlki tanàa Dàuke dà Dìyartà.
3p.PERF see-II Balki 3fs-CONT carrying with daughter-of-3fs
'They saw Balki carrying her daughter.'
Example #439:
b. *sun ga Dìyar Bàlki tanàa Dàuke.
3p.PERF see-II daughter-of Balki 3fs.CONT carried
'They saw Balki's daughter being carried.'
Example #440:
(48) a. taa dainà/ Kaarè swaaBà dooyàa.
3fs.PERF stop-I/ finish-IV mash-I yam
'She stopped/ finished mashing yams.'
Example #441:
b. yaa dainà/ Kaarè gyaarà mòotôo.
3ms.PERF stop-I/ finish-IV repair-I motorcycle
'He stopped/ finished repairing the motorcycle.'
Example #442:
c. yaa dainà/ Kaarè ginà gidaa.
3fs.PERF stop-I/ finish-IV build-I house
'He stopped/ finished building the house.'
Example #443:
(49) a. ?taa dainà/ Kaarè jeefà KunKuu à riijìyaa.
3fs.PERF stop-I/ finish-IV throw-I stone in well
?'She stopped/ finished throwing the stone into the well.'
Example #444:
b. ?taa daina/ Kaarè kiifà fàrantìi.
3fs.PERF stop-I/ finish-IV turn.over-I plate
?'She stopped/ finished turning over the plate.'
Example #445:
(50) a. yaa dainà/ Kaarè cikà tùuluu.
3fs.PERF stop-I/ finish-IV fill.up-I pot
'He stopped/ finished filling up the pot.'
Example #446:
b. yaa dainà/ Kaarè narkà darmàa.
3fs.PERF stop-I/ finish-IV melt-I lead
'He stopped/ finished melting the lead.'
Example #447:
(53) a. Abdù yaa zamnàa ((à) kujèerar maalàm).
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I ((on) chair-of teacher)
'Abdu sat on the teacher's chair.'
Example #448:
b. Abdù yaa zamnà kujèerar maalàm.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I chair-of teacher
'Abdu sat on the teacher's chair.' lit: Abdu sat the teacher's chair'
Example #449:
c. manòomaa sun kimtsà hatsii à rùmbunàa.
farmers 3p.PERF store-I millet in lofts
'The farmers stored their millet in lofts.'
Example #450:
(55) a. Indoo taa Darà Abdù ((*à ) tsawoo).
Indo 3fs.PERF surpass-I Abdu ((in) height)
'Indo is taller than Abdu.'
Example #451:
b. Indoo taa Darà (Abdù) (*à ) tsawoo.
Indo 3fs.PERF surpass-I (Abdu) (in) height
'Indo is taller (than Abdu).'
Example #452:
(57) a. Abdù nee Indoo ta Daràa tsawoo.
Abdu cop.m Indo 3fs.REL PERF surpass-I height
'It is Abdu that Indo surpasses in height.'
Example #453:
b. *( à) tsawoo nèe Indoo ta Darà Abdù.
in height cop.m Indo 3fs.REL PERF surpass-I Abdu
'It is in height that Indo surpasses Abdu.'
Example #454:
(58) gwaabaà taa Koosàa.
guava 3fs.PERF ripe-I
'The guava ripened.'
Example #455:
(59) a. Indoo taa durKùsaa bisà tàabarmaa.
Indo 3fs.PERF kneel-I on mat
'Indo kneeled on the mat.'
Example #456:
b. Indoo taa koomàa gidaa.
Indo 3fs.PERF return-I home
'Indo returned home.'
Example #457:
(60) a. Abdù yaa tankàa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF reply-I
'Abdu replied.'
Example #458:
b. Indoo anàa sàuràaren reediyòo.
Indo IMP-CONT listen-II-DN radio
'Indo is listening to the radio.'
Example #459:
(61) a. Indoo taa gyaarà kèekentà.
Indo 3fs.PERF repair-I bike-of-3fs
'Indo repaired her bike.'
Example #460:
b. Indoo taa rabà kàbuushèe biyu.
Indo 3fs.PERF divide-I pumpkin two
'Indo divided the pumpkin in halves.'
Example #461:
(62) a. Indoo taa Doorà kollàayentà à kantàa.
Indo 3fs.PERF stack-I containers-of-3fs on shelves
'Indo stacked her containers on the shelves.'
Example #462:
b. Indoo taa liiKà hootunàa à ginìi.
Indo 3ms.PERF stick-I pictures on wall
'Indo fixed some pictures on the wall.'
Example #463:
(63) a. Abdù yaa zamnàa à kujèerar maalàm.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I on chair-of teacher
'Abdu sat on the teacher's chair.'
Example #464:
b. Abdù yaa zamnàa kujèerar maalàm.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I chair-of teacher
'Abdu sat on the teacher's chair.'
Example #465:
(67) *( à) kujèeraa nèe Abdù ya zamnàa.
on chair cop.m Abdu 3ms.REL PERF sit-I
'It is on a chair that Abdu sat.'
Example #466:
(68) a. sun koomàa (cikin) Daakìn Indoo.
3p.PERF return-I inside-of room-of Indo
'They returned inside Indo's room.'
Example #467:
b. sun koomàa mà Indoo *( cikin) Daakìi.
3p.PERF return-I MA Indo inside-of room
'They invaded Indo's room.'
Example #468:
(69) a. Abdù yaa zamnàa (à) kujèerar maalàm.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I (on) chair-of teacher
'Abdu sat on the teacher's chair.'
Example #469:
b. Abdù yaa zamnà (*à ) kujèerar maalàm.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I on chair-of teacher
'Abdu sat on the teacher's chair.'
Example #470:
(71) a. ??Abdù yaa zamnàa kujèeraa taa karèe.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I chair 3fs.PERF break-VI
'Abdu sat on the chair and it broke.'
Example #471:
b. Abdù yaa zamnà kujèeraa taa karèe.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I chair 3fs.PERF break-VI
'Abdu sat on the chair and it broke.'
Example #472:
c. kujèeraa (cèe) Abdù ya zamnàa.
chair cop.f Abdu 3ms.REL PERF sit-I
'It is a chair that Abdu sat [on].'
Example #473:
(72) a. Abdù yaa zamnàa/ *zamnà kujèera.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I/ sit-I on.chair
'Abdu sat on the chair.'
Example #474:
(73) a. Abdù yaa zamnàa/ *zamnà MaraaDaawaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I/ sit-I Maradawa district
'Abdu settled in Maradawa district.
Example #475:
b. Abdù yaa kwantàa/ *kwantà raariyaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF lie-I/ lie-I street
'Abdu lay in the street.'
Example #476:
(75) a. Abdù yaa gittàa gàban masàllàataa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF cross-I before-of people.praying
'Abdu crossed in front of people praying.'
Example #477:
b. Abdù yaa gittà sàndaa Koofà garkarshì.
Abdu 3ms.PERF cross-I stick in.front.of garden-of-3ms
'Abdu put a stick across the entrance of his garden.'
Example #478:
(76) a. iccèe yaa kaamàa.
plant 3ms.PERF take.hold-I
'The plant took hold.'
Example #479:
b. Indoo taa kaamà kiifii.
Indo 3fs.PERF catch-I fish
'Indo caught some fish.'
Example #480:
Aali yaa bùgi yaaròo -i dà duutsèe
Ali 3ms.PERF hit-II boy with stone
'Ali hit the boy with a stone.'
Example #481:
Aalii yaa tsòoràci ti -i zaakookii
Ali 3ms.PERF fear-II lions
'Ali fears the lions.'
Example #482:
Aalii yaa àri mootàa PROi -i
Ali 3ms.PERF borrow-II car
'Ali borrowed a car.'
Example #483:
(81) a. Abdù yaa aikà Indoo kàasuwaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-I Indo market
'Abdu sent Indo to the market.'
Example #484:
b Abdù yaa aìki Indoo (kàasuwaa).
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-II Indo (market)
'Abdu commissioned Indo to the market.'
Example #485:
fùree] kàasuwaa.
flower] market
'Abdu sent Indo to buy him flowers at the market.'
Example #486:
kàràatuu] kanòo.
study] Kano
'Abdu sent his children to study in Kano.'
Example #487:
(83) a. Indoo taa bankà mootàa à iccèe.
Indo 3fs.PERF ram-I car at tree
'Indo rammed the car into a tree.'
Example #488:
b. Indoo taa bànki iccèe (dà mootàa).
Indo 3fs.PERF bump-II tree with car
'Indo bumped into a tree (with her car).'
Example #489:
c. Indoo taa bànki iccèe.
Indo 3fs.PERF bump-II tree
'Indo bumped into a tree (while walking).'
Example #490:
(84) a. sarkin yaaKìi yaa kusàntà rùndunaa Zazzàu.
chief-of war 3ms.PERF approach-I army Zaria
'The army chief brought the troups near Zaria.'
Example #491:
b. sarkin yaaKìi yaa kùsànci Zazzàu.
chief-of war 3ms.PERF approach-II Zaria
'The army chief closed on Zaria.'
Example #492:
(85) a. *taa arà kèekentà gà
3fs.PERF lend-I bike-of-3fs at Abdu
'She lent her bike to Abdu.'
Example #493:
b. taa àri kèekee.
3fs.PERF lend-II bike
'She borrowed a bike.'
Example #494:
(86) a. Indoo taa sayàa mà Abdù bàalôo.
Indo 3fs.PERF buy-I MA Abdu ball
'She bought Abdu a ball.'
Example #495:
b. Indoo taa sàyi bàalôo.
Indo 3fs.PERF buy-II ball
'Indo bought a ball.'
Example #496:
c. Indoo taa sayar dà bàalôo.
Indo 3fs.PERF sell V ball
'Indo sold a ball.'
Example #497:
(89) a. Abdù yaa yankà naamàa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF cut-I meat
'Abdu cut/ divided the meat.'
Example #498:
b. Abdù yaa yànki naamàa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF cut-II meat
'Abdu cut off some meat.'
Example #499:
b. Abdù yaa yànki ràagon Aali.
Abdu 3ms.PERF cut-II ram-of Ali
'Abdu cut (off some meat from) Ali's ram.'
Example #500:
kà Dàazu .
2ms while.ago
'Add this kolanut to the kolanut I gave you last time.'
Example #501:
(92) a. Indoo taa sàamu kuDii àmmaa taa bàa Aishà.
Indo 3fs.PERF obtain-II money but 3fs.PERF give Aisha
'Indo got some money but gave it away to Aisha.'
Example #502:
Indoo.
Indo
'The butcher cut off some meat ??but / and gave it to Indo.'
Example #503:
(93) a. yaa hangàa gusùm.
3ms.PERF look-I south
'He looked toward the south.'
Example #504:
b. yaa hàngi Abdù.
3ms.PERF see.afar-II Abdu
'He sighted Abdu.'
Example #505:
b. taa hàngi gusùm.
3fs.PERF look-II south
'She looked toward the south.'
Example #506:
(95) a. taa hangàa gusùm taa tsìnkàayi Abdù.
3fs.PERF look-I south 3fs.PERF sight-II Abdu
'She looked toward the south and saw Abdu.'
Example #507:
b. *taa hàngi gusùm taa tsìnkàayi Abdù.
3fs.PERF look-II south 3fs.PERF sight-II Abdu
'She looked toward the south and saw Abdu.'
Example #508:
(96) a. sun diibàa Dakà sunàa neeman zoobè.
3p.PERF search-I in.room 3p-CONT search-II-DN ring
'They searched the room, looking for the ring.'
Example #509:
b. yaa diibà injin kin mootàr.
3ms.PERF examine-I engine-DEF of car-DEF
'He examined the car's engine.'
Example #510:
c. yaa dìibi injin kin mootàr.
3ms.PERF look-II engine-DEF of car-DEF
'He looked (glanced) at the car's engine.'
Example #511:
(97) a. Zaakìi yaa tsooràtà Abdù.
lion 3ms.PERF frighten-I Abdu
'The lion frightened Abdu.'
Example #512:
b. Abdù yaa tsòoràci zaakìi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF fear-II lion
'Abdu fears the lion.'
Example #513:
c. Abdù yaa tsòoratà.
Abdu 3ms.PERF be afraid-III
'Abdu got afraid.'
Example #514:
(98) a. taa daamà kùnuu.
3fs.PERF mix-I porridge
'She mixed the porridge.'
Example #515:
b. taa dàami Abdù.
3fs.PERF bother-I Abdu
'She bothered Abdu.'
Example #516:
c. Abdù yaa dàamu (dà Indoo).
Abdu 3ms.PERF stir-VII (with Indo)
'Abdu became ennoyed (with Indo).'
Example #517:
(99) a. taa tuuKà tuwoo.
3fs.PERF stir-I paste
'She stirred/ mixed the paste (food).'
Example #518:
b. màganàa taa tùuKi Abdù.
speech 3fs.PERF enrage-II Abdu
'The speech/ talk/ matter enraged Abdu.'
Example #519:
c. sun daakàtaa (don Abdù).
3p.PERF stop-I (for Abdu)
'They waited (for Abdu).'
Example #520:
d. sun dàakàci Abdù.
3p.PERF wait-II Abdu
'They waited for Abdu.'
Example #521:
(101) a. Aikìi yaa fàskarà.
work 3ms.PERF be.intractable-III
'The work is intractable.'
Example #522:
b. Aikìi yaa fàskàri Abdù.
work 3ms.PERF be intractable-II Abdu
'The work is intractable to Abdu.'
Example #523:
(102) a. Abdù yaa girma.
Abdu 3ms.PERF grow-III
'Abdu is grown.'
Example #524:
b. Abdù yaa gìrmi Indoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF be older-II Indo
'Abdu is older than Indo.
Example #525:
(103) gaskiyaai taa bàyyanà ti .
truth 3fs.PERF reveal-III
'The truth revealed itself.'
Example #526:
(104) Abdù yaa gudù.
Abdu 3ms.PERF run-III
'Abdu run away.'
Example #527:
(105) Abdù yaa shìga cikin fagee.
Abdu 3ms.PERF enter-III in arena
'Abdu entered the arena.'
Example #528:
(106) a. tsuntsuu yaa hìra.
bird 3ms.PERF fly.up-III
'The bird flew up.'
Example #529:
b. jirgii yaa sàbka.
plane 3ms.PERF land-III
'The plane landed.'
Example #530:
(107) Abdù yaa hàsalà.
Abdu 3ms.PERF be.angry-III
'Abdu got angry.'
Example #531:
(108) Tùulun Indoo yaa cìka.
pot-of Indo 3ms.PERF be.full-III
'The pot filled up.'
Example #532:
(110) a. ya Daukoo littaafìi.
3ms.REL PERF take-VI book
'He picked up a book (to read himself).'
Example #533:
b. naa sayoo mootàa.
1s.PERF buy-VI car
'I have bought myself a car.'
Example #534:
c. ta Deeboo ruwaa ta shaa.
3fs.REL PERF take-VI water 3fs.REL PERF drink
'She drew herself some water and drank.'
Example #535:
d. ta Dèebi ruwaa ta baa shì.
3fs.REL PERF take-II water 3fs.REL PERF give 3ms
'She drew some water and gave it to him.'
Example #536:
à nân.
at here
'He looked toward here while passing by a moment ago.'
Example #537:
b. taa jeefoo masù fàrantì.
3fs.PERF throw-VI MA-3p plate
'She threw a plate to/at them.'
Example #538:
(112) taa jeefoo masù fàrantì. (= 111b)
3fs.PERF throw-VI MA-3p plate
'She threw a plate to/at them here.'
Example #539:
(113) a. naa zoo nàn kawài dan ìn gaidàa ki.
1s.PERF go-VI here only for 1s.SUBJ greet-I 2fs
'I came here only to greet you.'
Example #540:
b. aikàu naa aikoo makù (dà) kuDii jiyàa.
indeed 1s.PERF send-VI MA-2p (with) money yesterday
'I did send you money (here) yesterday.'
Example #541:
Ingìla.
England
'I will send you a letter here if I return to England.'
Example #542:
nannìya.
here
'I looked toward here while passing by a moment ago.'
Example #543:
yànnan ya fitoo faadàrshì.
then 3ms.REL PERF get.out-VI court-of-3ms.
'The emir went in, prayed and then came back to his court.'
Example #544:
ruwaa ta kaawoo masù.
water 3fs.REL PERF bring-VI MA-3p
'The girl went to the lake, got some water and brought it to them.'
Example #545:
zìyàrcee mù à nân Kanòo/ Nàajeeriyàa/ Afìrikà.
visit-II 1p at here Kano/ Nigeria/ Africa.
Africa.'
Example #546:
(116) an taadoo shì dàgà Yàmâi zuwàa Dàmagàram.
IMP.PERF rise-VI 3ms from Niamey up.to Zinder
'He was reassigned from Niamey to Zinder.'
Example #547:
(117) a. wannàn maakòo mài gabaatoowàa
this week owner of coming forward
'next week'
Example #548:
b. mun taadoo sunankà à cikin hiira.
[1p.PERF rise-VI name-of-2ms at inside-of chat]
'We brought up your name in a conversation.'
Example #549:
(118) a. yaa maidà gadàajee MaraaDi. ( --->| )
3ms.PERF return-I beds Maradi
'He returned the beds in Maradi.'
Example #550:
b. yaa maidoo gadàajee nân MaraaDi. ( --->| )
3ms.PERF return-VI beds here Maradi
'He returned the beds here in Maradi.'
Example #551:
(119) a. yaa bar San Diego.
3ms.PERF leave-II San Diego
'He left San Diego.'
Example #552:
b. yaa baroo San Diego.
3ms.PERF leave-VI San Diego
'He left San Diego.'
Example #553:
Los Angeles.
LA
'He left San Diego and relocated in Los Angeles.'
Example #554:
nân (Los Angeles).
here (LA)
'He left San Diego and relocated here in Los Angeles.'
Example #555:
(122) taa jeefoo masù fàrantì. (= 111b, 112)
3fs.PERF throw-VI MA-3p plate
'She threw a plate to/at them and they came here.'
Example #556:
(124) a. yaa Kilgoo.
3ms.PERF count-VI
'He counted (something, somewhere) and came here.'
Example #557:
b. yaa ciyoo.
3ms.PERF eat-VI
'He ate (something, somewhere) and came here.'
Example #558:
shì nannìyà.
3ms here
Abdu that he is sought after, here.'
Example #559:
(128) a. Abdù yaa jaayìkè iccèe dàgà goonaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF pull-VIII wood from field
'Abdu pulled the log up to here from the field.'
Example #560:
b. Abdù yaa tooyìkè cìyaawàr goonaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF burn-VIII hay-of field
'Abdu burned the hay in his field and came back.'
Example #561:
kaawoo mà zaakìi.
bring-VI MA lion
'The hare gathered the news and came to inform the king-lion.'
Example #562:
(129) a. sukà faarà gyaarà gidaa...
3p-REL PERF begin-I repair-I house
'They began to repair the house...'
Example #563:
b. dà gidaa ya gyàaru...
when house 3ms.REL PERF repair-VII
'...when the house was repaired...'
Example #564:
(130) a. yaa Kaarà kuDii.
3ms.PERF increase-I money
'He has increased the offer.'
Example #565:
b. yaa Kàaru (dà wàayon zaman duuniyàa).
3ms.PERF increase-VII (with guile-of living-of world)
'He has really increased/ benefitted (in the ways of the world).'
Example #566:
(131) a. taa tsayàa.
3ms.PERF stand/ stop-I
'She stood (up)' 'She stopped.'
Example #567:
b. taa tsàyu.
3fs.PERF stand-VII
'She stood (up) for a long time.'
Example #568:
(132) a. Muusaa yaa gàji.
Musa 3ms.PERF tire-III
'Musa is tired.'
Example #569:
b. Muusaa yaa gàjìyu.
Musa 3ms.PERF tire-VII
'Musa is dog-tired.'
Example #570:
(133) a. rìigaa taa jìKa.
gown 3fs.PERF soak-III
'The gown became wet/ got wet.'
Example #571:
b. rìigaa taa jiKèe.
gown 3fs.PERF be.wet-IV
'The gown became/ got soaked.'
Example #572:
c. rìigaa taa jìKu.
gown 3fs.PERF soak-VII
'The gown was soaked (by someone).'
Example #573:
(134) a. giiwaai taa mutù ti
elephant 3fs.PERF die-III
'The elephant is dead.'
Example #574:
b. giiwaai taa kàsu ti
elephant 3fs.PERF kill-VII
'The elephant is killed.'
Example #575:
(135) a. giwaa taa yànku gà mahàlbaa.
elephant 3fs.PERF slit.throat-VII at hunters
'The elephant is killed by the hunters.'
Example #576:
b. ùnguwar nàn baa tà zàmnuwaa gà Abdù.
district this NEG 3fs.CONT live-VII-DN at Abdu
'Abdu cannot live in this district.'
Example #577:
c. Amiirù bàa zaa yà ròoKu kuDii ba yànzu.
Amiru NEG FUT-3ms ask-VII money NEG now
'Amiru cannot be asked to give some money now.'
Example #578:
(136) a. Abdù yaa yankà naamàn ràaKumii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF cut-I meat-of camel
'Abdu divided the camel's meat.'
Example #579:
b. Abdù yaa yànki naamàn ràaKumii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF cut-II meat-of camel
'Abdu cut off (a piece of) the camel's meat.'
Example #580:
c. naamàn ràaKumii yaa yànku.
meat-of camel 3ms.PERF cut-VII
'The camel's meat is cut off.'
Example #581:
(137) a. naamàn ràaKumii yaa yànku Dan kiimàa.
meat-of camel 3ms.PERF cut-VII little little
'The camel's meat is cut off by a bit.'
Example #582:
Kwarai ba.
much NEG
'The camel's meat is cut off but not by much.'
Example #583:
(138) a. zoobèn baa yàa sàatuwaa.
ring-DEF NEG 3ms.CONT steal-VII
*'The ring cannot be stolen completely.'
Example #584:
(139) a. Abdù yaa yankà naamàn ràaKumii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF cut-I meat-of camel
'Abdu cut the camel's meat.'
Example #585:
b. naamàn ràaKumii yaa yànku (gà Abdù).
meat-of camel 3ms.PERF cut-VII (at Abdu)
'The camel's meat is cut (by Abdu).'
Example #586:
(140) a. *Abdù yaa sànu gà Aali.
Abdu 3ms.PERF know-VII by Ali
'Abdu is known to Ali.'
Example #587:
b. Abdù yaa gànu.
Abdu 3ms.PERF see-VII
'Abdu is found.'
Example #588:
c. Aali yaa ga wùyaa.
Ali 3ms.PERF see-II suffering
'Ali suffered.' lit: 'Ali saw suffering'
Example #589:
d. *wùyaa taa gànu.
suffering 3fs.PERF see-VII
'suffering is seen/ found/ experienced.'
Example #590:
(141) a. Abdù yaa zamnàa (à) kujèerâr.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I (on) chair-DEF
'Abdu sat on the chair.'
Example #591:
b. Abdù yaa zamnà kujèerâr.
Abdu 3ms.PERF sit-I chair-DEF
'Abdu sat on the chair.'
Example #592:
c. kujèeraa taa zàmnu.
chair 3fs.PERF sit-VII
'The chair is sat on.'
Example #593:
(142) a. Abdù yaa zamnàa ùnguwar nàn.
Abdu 3ms.PERF live-I district this
'Abdu lived in this district.'
Example #594:
b. *Abdù yaa zamnà ùnguwar nàn.
Abdu 3ms.PERF live-I district this
'Abdu lived in this district.'
Example #595:
c. ùnguwar nàn baa tà zàmnuwaa gà Abdù.
district this NEG 3fs.CONT live-VII-DN at Abdu
'Abdu cannot live in this district.'
Example #596:
(143) a. taa tsayàa.
3fs.PERF stop-I
'She stopped/ waited/ stood.' 15
Example #597:
b. taa tsàyu.
3fs.PERF stop-VII
'She waited/ stood for a long time.'
Example #598:
(144) a. *yaarinyàa taa tsàyu Dan kiimàa.
girl 3fs.PERF wait-VII little little
'The girl stood for a little time.'
Example #599:
b. *Daalìbii yaa kàràntu àmmaa bàa Kwarai ba.
student 3ms.PERF read-VII but NEG much NEG
*'the student is well read but not by much.'
Example #600:
c. *Indoo taa zàmnu kàDan.
Indo 3fs.PERF sit-VII little
'Indo sat a bit.'
Example #601:
(145) a. Indoo taa zamnàa/ tsayàa kàdan.
Indo 3fs.PERF sit-I/ wait-I little
'Indo sat/ waited for a little time.'
Example #602:
b. sun karàa/ *kàru Dan kàDannà.
3p.PERF clash-I/ clash-VII very little
'They clashed a bit.'
Example #603:
c. yaa Dan wàdaatà/ *wàdàatu hakànan dai.
3ms.PERF little prosper-III/ prosper-VII more.or.less
'He prospered, more or less/ kind of.'
Example #604:
b. Abdù yaa waatsà masàraa/ làabaarìi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF disperse-I corn/ news
'Abdu spread the corn/ the news all over.'
Example #605:
b. masàara taa waatsèe.
corn 3fs.PERF spread-IV
'The corn spread out all over.'
Example #606:
c. *làabaarii yaa waatsèe.
news 3ms.PERF spread-IV
'The news spread.'
Example #607:
b. masàara taa wàatsu.
corn 3fs.PERF spread-VII
'The corn is spread all over.' (passive gr7)
Example #608:
c. làabaarii yaa wàatsu.
news 3ms.PERF spread-VII
'The news is spread all over.' (passive gr7)
Example #609:
(150) a. naamàn ràaKumii yanàa yànkuwaa.
meat-of camel 3ms-CONT cut-VII-VN
'The camel meat can be cut.'
Example #610:
b. àshee giwaa tanàa kàsuwaa!
so elephant 3fs-CONT kill-VII-VN
'So an elephant can be killed!'
Example #611:
c. ?gàa giwaa tanàa kàsuwaa!
here.is elephant 3fs-CONT kill-VII-VN
'Here is an elephant being killed!'
Example #612:
(151) a. Abdù yanàa dàamuwaa dà Indoo.
Abdu 3ms-CONT stir-VII-VN with Indo
'Abdu is being annoyed at Indo.'
Example #613:
b. mutàanee sunàa tàaruwaa.
people 3p-CONT gather-VII-VN
'The people are gathering.'
Example #614:
c. su Aali sunàa ràbuwaa/ hàDuwaa sai...
3p Ali 3p-CONT separate-VII-VN/ join-VII-VN when
'Ali and others have just separated/ just come together when ...'
Example #615:
(162) a. Abdù yaa ?arèe/ arìkee masù mootàa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF borrow-IV/ borrow-VIII MA-3p car
'Abdu borrowed up their car/ borrowed up their car (and come).'
Example #616:
b. Abdù yaa ?taarè/ taarìikè tumaakii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF gather-IV/ gather-VIII sheep
'Abdu gathered up the sheep/ gathered up the sheep and come.'
Example #617:
c. Dan tsuntsuu yaa *faadèe/ faaDìkee dàgà iccèe.
little bird 3ms.PERF fall-IV/ all-VIII from tree
'The little bird fell off from the tree/ fell off here from the tree.'
Example #618:
d. raanaa taa faaDèe masù daajìi.
sun 3fs.PERF fall-IV MA-3p bush
'The sun set while they were still in the bush.'
Example #619:
(163) sun raatayìkè/ raatayìkee Bàraawòo
3p.PERF hang-VIII/ hang-VIII thief
'They hanged the thief and come back.'
Example #620:
(167) a. yaa riidè/ riidèe jikkar yaarinyàa.
3ms.PERF snatch-IV/ snatch-IV bag-of girl
'He snatched the girl's bag.'
Example #621:
b. sun raatàyè/ raatàyee Bàraawòo.
3p.PERF hang-IV/ hang-IV thief
'They hanged the thief.'
Example #622:
(168) yaa jaayè/ janyè/ jânyee ruwaa.
3ms.PERF pull-IV/ pull-IV/ pull-IV water
'He drew up all the water.'
Example #623:
(i) Bàlki tanàa sanìn Idii.
Balki 3fs-CONT know-II-DN Idi
'Balki should know Idi.'
Example #624:
b. Indoo taa aràa mà Abdù kèekentà.(equiv. to 85a)
Indo 3fs.PERF lend-I MA Abdu bike-of-3fs
'Indo lent her bike to Abdu.'
Example #625:
c. Indoo taa àri kèekee dàgà wajen Abdù. (cf. 85b)
Indo 3fs.PERF borrow-II bike from place-of Abdu
'Indo borrowed a bike from Abdu.'
Example #626:
wajen Abdu.
place-of Abdu
'Indo borrowed a bike from Abdu for her son.'
Example #627:
(i) Ambukà yaa isoo can MaraDii.
Ambuka 3ms.PERF arrive-VI there Maradi
'Ambuka went to Maradi and came back here.'
Example #628:
(i) a. Abdù bà à sàamu jaràbaawàa ba.
Abdu NEG.PERF IMP obtain-II exam NEG
'Abdu failed his exam.'
Example #629:
b. Abdù yaa ga Indoo rìKe dà yaaròo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF see-II Indo holding with boy
'Abdu saw Indo holding a boy.'
Example #630:
Ali.
Ali
'Ali was hit/ was caught/ is known/ was overtaken.'
Example #631:
(i) a. yaa bâa Indoo gooròo.
3ms.PERF give Indo kolanuts
'He gave Indo kolanuts.'
Example #632:
b. ?yaa baayoo dà gooròo.
3ms.PERF give-VI V kolanuts
'He sent over kolanuts.'
Example #633:
c. yaa baadoo gooròo.
3ms.PERF give-VI kolanuts
'He sent over kolanuts.'
Example #634:
(ii) a. yaa bâkkà Indoo gooròo.
3ms.PERF give-I Indo kolanuts
'He gave kolanuts to Indo and she came here.'
Example #635:
b. yaa bâkkaa ta gooròo.
3ms.PERF give-I 3fs kolanuts
'He gave her kolanuts and she came here.'
Example #636:
c. yaa bât-ta gooròo.
3ms.PERF give-3fs kolanuts
'He gave her kolanuts and she came here.'
Example #637:
d. yaa bakkoo dà gooròo.
3ms.PERF give-VI V gooròo
'He gave over kolanuts.'
Example #638:
akà naDàa bana.
IMP.REL PERF turban-I this.year
'Indo sent a letter to all the emirs that were throned this year.'
Example #639:
akà naDàa bana tàkàrduu.
IMP.REL PERF turban-I this.year letters
'Indo sent all the emirs that were throned this year a letter.'
Example #640:
(5) a. Sun loodà buhuuhuwàn gujiyaa à tèelâm.
3p.PERF load-I sacks-of peanuts onto truck
'They loaded sacks of peanut onto the truck.'
Example #641:
b. Sun loodàa mà tèelâm buhuuhuwàn gujiyaa.
3p.PERF load-I IX truck sacks-of peanuts
'They loaded the truck with sacks of peanut.'
Example #642:
(6) a. Indoo taa dafà tuwoo dan bàaKii àmmaa...
Indoo 3fs.PERF cook-I paste for visitors but...
'Indo prepared some food paste for the visitors but...'
Example #643:
b. Indoo taa dafàa mà bàaKii tuwoo.
Indoo 3fs.PERF cook-I IX visitors paste
'Indo prepared the visitors some food paste.'
Example #644:
(7) a. taa yankà naamàn àladèe dà wuKar lìimân.
3fs.PERF cut-I meat-of pork with knife-of imam
'She cut the pork meat with the imam's knife.'
Example #645:
b. taa yankàa mà lìimân naamàn àladèe dà wuKaa.
3fs.PERF cut-I IX imam meat-of pork with knife
'She dared cut pork meat with the imam's knife.'
Example #646:
(8) a. Abdù yaa fasàa mà Indoo kwalbaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF break-I IX Indo bottle
'Abdu broke Indo's bottle.'
Example #647:
b. Abdù yaa fasà kwalbaa kân Indoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF break-I bottle head-of Indoo
'Abdu crashed a bottle on Indo/ Indo's head.'
Example #648:
c. Abdù yaa fasà kwalbaa dòomin Indoo àmmaa...
Abdu 3ms.PERF break-I bottle sake-of Indoo but
'Abdu broke a bottle for Indo but...'
Example #649:
d. Abdù yaa fasà kwalbar Indoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF break-I bottle-of Indoo
'Abdu broke Indo's bottle.'
Example #650:
(9) a. an hanàa mashì aikìi.
IMP.PERF refuse-I IX-3ms work
'He was denied a job.'
Example #651:
b. tùnaa manì (dà) shii!
remind-I IX-1s (V) 3ms
'Remind me about it!'
Example #652:
c. an Kaaràa mamù kuDii.
IMP-PERF increase-I IX-1p money
'We had had a pay raise.'
Example #653:
(10) a. yaa DanDànaa manì wùyaa.
3ms.PERF taste-I IX-1s suffering
'He gave me a hard time.'
Example #654:
b. yaa gaanàa manì wùyaa.
3ms.PERF meet-I IX-1s suffering
'He gave me a hard time.'
Example #655:
(11) a. Abdù yaa nèemi maagànii sabòodà Indoo àmmaa...
Abdu 3ms.PERF search-II medicine sake.of Indo but
'Abdu got some medicine for Indo but...'
Example #656:
b. Abdù yaa neemam mà Indoo maagànii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF search-II IX Indoo medicine
'Abdu got Indo some medicine.'
Example #657:
(12) a. Abdù yaa àiki Dan Indoo wajen Aali.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-II son-of Indo place-of Ali
'Abdu sent Indo's son to Ali's place.'
Example #658:
b. Abdù yaa aikam mà Indoo Daa wajen Aali.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-II IX Indo son place-of Ali
'Abdu sent Indo's son to Ali's place.'
Example #659:
tàaru à Koofàr faadà.
gather-VII at gate-of palace
'He told the news to the people gathered at the palace.
Example #660:
b. *yaa faDam mà mutàanee làabaarìi.
3ms.PERF tell-II IX people news
*'He told away people's news.'
Example #661:
(14) a. Abdù yaa nèemi gooròo wajen Indoo àmmaa...
Abdu 3ms.PERF seek-II kolanuts place-of Indo but
'Abdu sought some kolanuts from Indo but...'
Example #662:
b. Abdù yaa neemam mà Indoo gooròo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF seek-II IX Indo kolanuts
'Abdu sought some kolanuts for Indo.'
Example #663:
(15) a. taa Deebam mà Indoo tsaabàa.
3fs.PERF take.some-II IX Indo grain
'She took some grain for Indo.'
Example #664:
(16) a. kà fìta dàgà cikin gidaanaa!
2ms.SUB go.out-III from inside house-of-1s
'Would you get out of my house!'
Example #665:
b. kà fitam manì dàgà cikin gidaa!
2ms.SUB go.out-III IX-1s from inside house
'Would you get out of my house!'
Example #666:
(17) a. Kurjii yaa fìta à kumcìn Abdù.
rash 3ms.PERF get.out-III on cheek-of Abdu
'A rash appeared on Abdu's cheek.'
Example #667:
b. Kurjii yaa fitam mà Abdù à kumcìi.
rash 3ms.PERF get.out-III IX Abdu on cheek
'A rash appeared on Abdu's cheek.'
Example #668:
(18) a. jinii yaa zubam mà Abdù (à Kafàa).
blood 3ms.PERF spill-III IX Abdu (on foot)
'Blood spilled on Abdu ('s leg).'
Example #669:
b. jinii yaa zùba à *( Kafàr) Abdù.
blood 3ms.PERF spill-III on leg-of Abdu
'Blood spilled on Abdu's leg.'
Example #670:
(19) a. jinii yaa zubam mà Abdù.
blood 3ms.PERF spill-III IX Abdu
'Blood spilled on Abdu.'
Example #671:
b. jinin Abdù yaa zùba.
blood-of Abdu 3ms.PERF spill-III
'Abdu's blood spilled out.'
Example #672:
(20) a. an baadà kuDin Hàdiizà gà Abdù.
IMP.PERF give-I money-of Hadiza to Abdu
'Hadiza's money was confided to Abdu.'
Example #673:
b. an bàa Abdù kuDin Hàdiizà.
IMP.PERF give Abdu money-of Hadiza
'Hadiza's money was given away to Abdu.'
Example #674:
bà tà ji ba.
NEG 3fs.PERF hear NEG
'Abdu told the matter before Indo, but she did not hear.'
Example #675:
tà ji ba).
3fs.PERF hear NEG
'Abdu told the matter before Indo, but she did not hear.'
Example #676:
(22) a. yaa sàa kùjèeruu cikin Daakìi.
3ms.PERF put chairs inside-of room
'He equipped the room with chairs (permanently).'
Example #677:
b. yaa sàa mà Daakìi kùjèeruu.
3ms.PERF put IX room chairs
NOT: 'He put the chairs into the room.'
Example #678:
(23) a. yaa kai yaaKìi London.
3ms.PERF bring war London
'He brought war to London.'
Example #679:
b. yaa kai mà London yaaKìi.
3ms.PERF bring IX London war
'He brought war to London.'
Example #680:
(24) a. yaa kai kuDii London.
3ms.PERF bring money London
'He took some money to London.'
Example #681:
b. *yaa kai mà London kuDii.
3ms.PERF bring IX London money
'He took some money to London.'
Example #682:
zâa ta bàa gidaa kàmar su Tabirni.
FUT 3fs give home like-of 3p Tabirni
would have to fall back on her family, such as Tabirni and her likes.'
Example #683:
(26) a. Indoo taa dafàa (mà bàaKii) tuwoo.
Indoo 3fs.PERF cook-I IX visitors paste
'Indo prepared some paste for the visitors.'
Example #684:
b. yaa wankèe (mà Indoo) Kwaanoonii.
3ms.PERF wash-IV (IX Indo) dishes
'He washed Indo her dishes completely.'
Example #685:
c. yaa bugar (mà Indoo) dà bàalôo.
3ms.PERF hit-V (IX Indo) V ball
'He kicked away Indo's ball.'
Example #686:
d. yaa bugoo (mà Indoo) bàalôo.
3ms.PERF hit-VI (IX Indo) ball
'He kicked the ball here to Indo.'
Example #687:
(27) a. Abdù yaa fàDi màganàr à gàban sarkii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF tell-II matter-DEF at front-of emir
'Abdu told the matter before the emir.'
Example #688:
b. Abdù yaa faDàa mà sarkii màganàr.
Abdu 3ms.PERF tell IX emir matter-DEF
'Abdu told the emir the matter.'
Example #689:
c. *Abdù yaa fàDi mà sarkii màganàr.
Abdu 3ms.PERF tell IX emir matter-DEF
'Abdu told the emir the matter.'
Example #690:
(28) a. Abdù yaa nèemi maagànii sabòodà Indoo àmmaa...
Abdu 3ms.PERF search-II medicine sake.of Indo but
'Abdu got some medicine for Indo but...'
Example #691:
b. Abdù yaa neemam mà Indoo maagànii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF search-II IX Indoo medicine
'Abdu got some medicine for Indo.'
Example #692:
(30) a. sai kà hàKurà.
should 2ms.SUB be.patient-III
'You must be patient.'
Example #693:
b. sai kà haKùraa mashì.
should 2ms.SUB be.patient-I IX-3ms
'You must be patient with him.'
Example #694:
(31) a. kà fìta dàgà cikin gidaanaa!
2ms.SUB go.out-III from inside house-of-1s
'Would you get out of my house!'
Example #695:
b. kà fitam manì dàgà cikin gidaa!
2ms.SUB go.out-III IX-1s from inside house
'Would you get out of my house!'
Example #696:
(32) a. Abdù yaa yàrda sù tàfi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF agree-III 3p. SUBJ go
'Abdu agreed that they go.'
Example #697:
b. Abdù yaa yardèe masù sù tàfi.
Abdu ms.PERF agree-IV X-3p 3p.SUBJ go
'Abdu agreed that they go.'
Example #698:
akèe neeman sanìi.
IMP-REL CONT search-DN-of know-DN
'Peoplei want to figure out what has befallen themj.'
Example #699:
neeman sanìi.
search-DN-of know-DN
'Peoplei want to figure out what has befallen themj.'
Example #700:
(35) a. Abdù yaa maidà bùhun hatsii goonaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF return-I sack-of millet farm
'Abdu returned the sack of millet to the farm.'
Example #701:
b. *Abdù yaa maidàa mà goonaa bùhun hatsii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF return-I IX farm sack-of millet
'Abdu returned the sack of millet to the farm.'
Example #702:
(36) a. Abdù yaa aikà yâara MaraaDi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-I children Maradi
'Abdu sent the children to Maradi.'
Example #703:
b. *Abdù yaa aikàa mà MaraaDi yâara.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-I IX Maradi children
'Abdu sent the children to Maradi.'
Example #704:
(37) a. *Abdù yaa maidà bùhun hatsii gà Indoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF return-I sack-of millet to Indo
'Abdu returned the sack of millet to Indo.'
Example #705:
b. Abdù yaa maidàa mà Indoo bùhun hatsii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF return-I IX Indo sack-of millet
'Abdu returned the sack of millet to Indo.'
Example #706:
(38) a. *Abdù yaa aikà gooròo gà Indoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-I kolanuts to Indo
'Abdu sent kolanuts to Indo.'
Example #707:
b. Abdù yaa aikàa mà Indoo gooròo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-I IX Indo kolanuts
'Abdu sent kolanuts to Indo.'
Example #708:
(39) a. ya gwada ga Dansa
3ms.PERF show-I to son-of-3ms
'He showed (something) to his son.'
Example #709:
b. ina son koya ga mutanen Kasammu.
1s.CONT want-DN-of teach-I to people-of land-of-1p
'I want to teach (something) to the people of our land.'
Example #710:
(40) a. yaa gwadàa mà Danshì rìigaa.
3ms.PERF show-I IX son-of-3ms gown
'He showed his son the gown.'
Example #711:
b. inàa sôn kooyàa mà mutàanen Kasarmù taariihìi.
1s.CONT want-VN-of teach-I IX people-of land-of-1p history
'I want to teach history to the people of our country.'
Example #712:
(41) a. Abdù yaa jèefi kàren Indoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF throw-II dog-of Indo
'Abdu threw at and hit Indo's dog.'
Example #713:
b. Abdù yaa jeefam mà Indoo kàree .
Abdu 3ms.PERF throw-II IX Indo dog
'Abdu threw at and hit Indo's dog.'
Example #714:
c. Abdù yaa jeefam mà Indoo dà kàree.
Abdu 3ms.PERF throw-V IX Indo V dog
'Abdu threw away Indo's dog.'
Example #715:
(42) a. yaa jeefàa mà Indoo gooròo.
3ms.PERF throw-I IX Indo kolanuts
'He threw kolanuts to Indo.'
Example #716:
(43) a. *Abdù yaa faDam mà Indoo jàwaabìi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF tell-II IX Indo speech
*'Abdu told the speech of Indoo.'
Example #717:
b. *Abdù yaa gayam mà Indoo Karyaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF tell-II IX Indo lie
*'Abdu told the lie of Indoo.'
Example #718:
(48) a. Abdù yanàa neeman aikìi.
Abdu 3ms.CONT search-II-DN-of work
'Abdu is looking for a job'
Example #719:
b. Abdù zâa ya neeman aikìi.
Abdu FUT-3ms search-II-DN-of work
'Abdu is going to look for a job'
Example #720:
c. Abdù yaa sanar dà Indoo làabaarìi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF know-II-VN-of V Indo news
'Abdu informed Indo about the news.'
Example #721:
(50) a. yaa aikà yâara wajen sarkii.
3ms.PERF send-I children place-of emir
'He sent the children to the emir's place.'
Example #722:
b. yâara nèe ya aikàa (à) gidan sarkii.
children cop.p 3ms.REL PERF send-I-VN at house-of emir
'It is the children that he sent to the emir's place.'
Example #723:
c. yaa aikàa mà sarkii yâara.
3ms.PERF send-I-VN IX emir children
'It is the children that he sent to the emir's place.'
Example #724:
maKòbtaa.
neighbors
'Abdu is hitting/ kicking/ breaking off the neighbors' wall.'
Example #725:
maKòbtaa.
neighbors
'Abdu is hitting/ kicking/ breaking off the neighbors' wall.'
Example #726:
(52) a. Abdù yaa bugam mà maKòbtaa ginìi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF hit-II-VN-of IX neighbors wall
'Abdu hit the neighbors' wall.'
Example #727:
b. *Abdù yaa bugùm mà maKòbtaa ginìi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF hit-II-DN-of IX neighbors wall
'Abdu hit the neighbors' wall.'
Example #728:
sanìi/ ganii/ Diibàa.
know-II-DN see-II-DN/ take-II-DN
'You do not know what they know/ have seen/ have taken.'
Example #729:
sànaa/ gànaa/ Dìibaa.
know-II-VN/ see-II-VN/ take-II-VN
'You do not know what they know/ have seen/ have taken.'
Example #730:
ganin Abdù ba/ Diibàr tsaabàa ba.
see-II-DN-of Abdu NEG/ take-II-DN-of grain NEG
'I do not think that they know Abdu/ see Abdu/ take some grain.'
Example #731:
ganar Abdù ba/ Diibar tsaabàa ba.
see-II-VN-of Abdu NEG/ take-II-VN-of grain NEG
'I do not think that they know Abdu/ see Abdu/ take some grain.'
Example #732:
makù wânnan!
IX-2p that
'Who (do you think) would care for that matter for you!'
Example #733:
c. an Deebam mà Indoo kùnuu.
IMP.PERF take-II-VN-of IX Indo gruel
'Someone took some of Indo's gruel.'
Example #734:
(56) a. Abdù yanàa fìtaa dà Indoo.
Abdu 3ms.CONT go.out-III with Indo
'Abdu is dating Indo.'
Example #735:
b. kurjii yaa fitam mà Abdù à kumcìi.
rash 3ms.PERF go.out-III-VN-of IX Abdu on cheek.
'A rash appeared on Abdu's cheek.'
Example #736:
àbkuwaa ba.
happen-VII-DN NEG
'No one knows what is happening.'
Example #737:
abkam masù ba.
happen-VII-VN-of IX-3p NEG
'No one knows what has befallen them.'
Example #738:
(59) a. yaa bùgi Dan Indoo.
3ms.PERF hit-II son-of Indo
'He hit Indo's son.'
Example #739:
b. bugar Dan Indoo nèe ya yi.
hit-II-VN-of son-of Indo be.m 3ms.REL PERF do
'It is hitting Indo's son that he did.'
Example #740:
c. bugam mà Indoo Daa nèe ya yi.
hit-II-VN-of IX Indo son be.m 3ms.REL PERF do
'It is hitting Indo's son that he did.'
Example #741:
d. *bùgi Dan Indoo nèe ya yi
hit-II son-of Indo be.m 3ms.REL PERF do
'It is hitting Indo's son that he did.'
Example #742:
dà Abdù ya tàrkaa.
that Abdu 3ms.REL PERF engage-II
'She did not appreciate the beating of Indo's son that Audu started.'
Example #743:
dà Abdù ya tàrkaa.
that Abdu 3ms.REL PERF engage-II
'She did not appreciate the beating of Indo's son that Audu started.'
Example #744:
ya tàrkaa.
3ms.REL PERF engaged-II
'She did not appreciate the beating of Indo's son that Audu started.'
Example #745:
(61) a. yâara nèe ya aikàa à gidan sarkii.
children cop.p 3ms.REL PERF send-IVN at house-of emir
'It is the children that he sent to the emir's place.'
Example #746:
b. yâara nèe yakèe aikàawaa à gidan sarkii.
children cop.p 3ms.REL CONT send-I-VN at house-of emir
'It is the children that he is sending to the emir's place.'
Example #747:
(62) a. gooròo nee Abdù ya aikàa mà sarkii.
kolanuts cop.m Abdu 3ms.REL PERF send-I-VN IX emir
'It is kolanuts that Abdu sent to the emir.'
Example #748:
màwaa.
MA-VN
'As for kolanuts, it is the emir that Abdu is sending them to.'
Example #749:
c. *gooròo, sarkii nèe Abdù yakèe aikàawaa mà.
kolanuts emir cop.m Abdu 3ms.REL CONT send-I-VN IX
'As for kolanuts, it is to the emir that Abdu is sending them.'
Example #750:
màwaa/ mâa
MA-VN/ MA-VN
'As for kolanuts, it is the emir that Abdu sent them to.'
Example #751:
(64) a. Abdù yaa àiki Dìyar Indoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-II daughter-of Indo
'Abdu sent Indo's daughter (somewhere).'
Example #752:
b. Abdù yaa àikee tà.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-II-VN 3fs
'Abdu sent Indo's daughter (somewhere).'
Example #753:
c. Dìyar Indoo cèe Abdù yaa àikaa.
daughter-of Indo cop-f Abdu 3ms.PERF send-II-VN
'It is Indo's daughter that Abdu sent (somewhere).'
Example #754:
(65) a. Abdù yaa aikam mà Indoo yâara.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-II-VN-of IX Indo children
'Abdu sent Indo's children (somewhere).'
Example #755:
b. Abdù yaa aikam matà yâara.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-II-VN-of IX-3fs children
'Abdu sent her children (somewhere).'
Example #756:
c. Indoo cèe Abdù yaa aikam màa yâara.
Indo cop-f Abdu 3ms.PERF send-II-VN-of IX children
'It is Indo's children that Abdu sent (somewhere).'
Example #757:
mâa/ màwaa.
MA-VN/ MA-VN
'As for kolanuts, it is to Indo that Abdu sent them.'
Example #758:
(66) a. Abdù yaa àiki/ *àikaa dai Dan Indoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF send-II/ send-II-VN MOD son-of Indo
'Abdu indeed sent Indo's son.'
Example #759:
b. (yii) masà faDàa bâa shi dà àmfàanii.
do-VN IX-3ms rebucking NEG-CONT 3ms with utility
'Rebucking him would be of no help.' (Parsons (1971-72:64)
Example #760:
c. am minì saatàa (Standard dialect)
IMP.PERF IX-1s burglary
'I am burglarized.' (lit: someone (did) burglarizing to me)
Example #761:
(68) a. (shii) mài kuDii nèe.
(3ms) mà-3ms money be.m
'He has money.' 'He is a rich man.'
Example #762:
b. màasu kuDii sun shigoo gàrii.
mà-3p money 3p.PERF enter-VI town
'The rich people are in town.'
Example #763:
(69) a. munàa aikà kuDii.
1p-CONT send-I money
'We are sending money.'
Example #764:
b. kuDii, munàa aikàawaa.
money 1p-CONT send-I-VN
'As for money, we are sending (it).'
Example #765:
(70) a. munàa aikàa mà(*waa) Indoo.
1p-CONT send-I-VN MA-(VN) Indo
We are sending (s.th.) to Indo.
Example #766:
b. Indoo cèe mukèe aikàa màwaa.
Indo be.f 1p-REL.CONT send-I-VN MA-VN
It is to Indo that we are sending (s.th.).
Example #767:
(71) a. Indoo cèe mukèe aikàa mà(*waa) kuDii.
Indo be.f 1p-REL CONT send-I-VN MA-(VN) money
It is to Indo that we are sending money.
Example #768:
b. kuDii? Indoo cèe mukèe aikàa màwaa.
money Indo be.f 1p-REL CONT send-I-VN MA-VN
Money, it is to Indo that we are sending (it).
Example #769:
(72) a. kuDii nèe zâa a baadàawaa gà Audù.
money be.p FUT-IMP give-I-VN to Audu
It is money that is about to be given to Audu.
Example #770:
b. *kuDii nèe zâa a baadàa gà Audù.
money be.p FUT-IMP give-I-VN to Audu
It is money that is about to be given to Audu.
Example #771:
(à) MaraaDi.
(in) Maradi
Maradi.'
Example #772:
(à) MaraaDi.
(in) Maradi
Maradi.'
Example #773:
aikàa (*shi )]].
send-I-VN 3ms
'It is kolanuts that they tried to send.'
Example #774:
aikàa mà Indoo (*shii )]].
send-I-VN IX Indo 3ms
'It is kolanuts that they tried to send to Indo.'
Example #775:
(75) a. Indoo cèe [sukà aikàa mâa/ *matà gooròo].
Indo cop.f 3p-REL PERF send-I-VN IX-VN/ IX-3fs kolanuts
'It is to Indo that they sent the kolanuts.'
Example #776:
[sù aikàa mâa/ *matà gooròo]].
3p.SUB send-I IX-VN/ IX-3fs gooròo
'It was said that it is Indo to whom they tried to send kolanuts.'
Example #777:
[sù aikàa (*shi )]].
3p.SUB send-I-VN 3ms
'The kolanuts which they tried to send.'
Example #778:
b. gooròo wandà [sukà aikàa mà Indoo (*shii )]].
kolanuts 3ms-that 3p-REL PERF send-I-VN IX Indoo 3ms
'The kolanuts which they sent to Indo.'
Example #779:
aikàa mà Indoo (?shii )]].
send-I-VN IX Indoo 3ms
'The kolanuts which they tried to send to Indo.'
Example #780:
aikàa mà/ *matà gooròo]].
send-I-VN IX/ IX-3fs gooròo
'The Indo that they tried to send kolanuts to.'
Example #781:
aikàa (*shii )]]?
send-I-VN 3ms-Q
'What is it that they tried to send.'
Example #782:
aikàa mà Indoo (*shii )]]?
send-I-VN IX Indoo 3ms-Q
'What is it that they tried to send to Indo?'
Example #783:
aikàa mà/ *matà gooròo]]?
send-I-VN IX/ IX-3fs kolanuts-Q
'Who is it that they tried to send kolanuts to?'
Example #784:
(78) a. gooròo nee sukà isoo dà *( shii) .
kolanuts cop.m 3p-REL PERF arrive-VI with 3ms
'It is kolanuts they came with.'
Example #785:
b. mìi nee nèe kukà azà kaayaa gàree *( shìi) ?
bike cop cop.m 2p-REL PERF put-I stuff on 3ms-Q
'What is it that you we put stuff on?
Example #786:
c. teebùr kin dà mukà sâa jìkkaa KàlKashii *( nai) .
table DEF that 1p-REL PERF place bag under of-3ms
'The table under which we placed a bag.'
Example #787:
sù yi.
3p.SUB do
It is sending money that Abdu advised them to do.'
Example #788:
sù yi kuDii.
3p.SUB do money
'It is sending money that Abdu advised them to do.'
Example #789:
sukà yi.
3p-REL PERF do
'Sending (s.th.) to Indo is what they were said to have done.'
Example #790:
yi Indoo.
do Indo
'Sending (s.th.) to Indo is what they were said to have done.'
Example #791:
sukà yi.
3p-REL PERF do
'Sending money to Indo is what they were said to have done.'
Example #792:
Indoo kuDii .
Indo kuDii.
'Sending money to Indo is what they were said to have done.'
Example #793:
(82) a. fìtaa dà Audù nee mukà yi.
go.out-III with Audu cop.m 1p-REL PERF do
'It is going out with Audu that we did.'
Example #794:
b. fìtaa nèe mukà yi dà Audù.
go out-III cop.m 1p-REL PERF do with Audu
'It is going out with Audu that we did.'
Example #795:
(83) a. baadà kuDii gà Audù nee akai.
give-I money to Audu cop.m IMP-REL PERF-do
'It is giving money to Audu that someone did.'
Example #796:
b. baadà kuDii nèe akai gà Audù.
give-I money cop.m IMP-REL PERF-do to Audu
'It is giving money to Audu that someone did.'
Example #797:
sun yi.
3p.PERF do
'It is sending millet to Maradi that they were said to have done.'
Example #798:
MaraaDi.
Maradi
'It is sending millet to Maradi that they were said to have done.'
Example #799:
(85) a. ?saidà shaanuu (à) can Nàajeeriyàa nèe sukèe.
sell-I cows (in) there Nigeria cop.m 3p-REL CONT
'They are in the business of selling cows there in Nigeria.'
Example #800:
b. saidà shaanuu nèe sukèe (à) can Nàajeeriyàa.
sell-I cows cop.m 3p-REL CONT (in) there Nigeria
'They are in the business of selling cows there in Nigeria.'
Example #801:
(86) a. kuDii sun àiku (gà Audù).
money 3p.PERF send-VII (by Audu)
'The money is sent away (by Audu).'
Example #802:
b. *kuDii sun aikam mà Audù.
money 3p.PERF send-VII IX Abdu .
'The money was sent to Audu.'
Example #803:
yànzu.
now
'Audu cannot be sent money at this time.'
Example #804:
b. Yaaròn nan bà zâi kòoyu ba.
boy-DEF that NEG FUT-3ms teach-VI NEG
'That boy is unteachable.'
Example #805:
c. Audù bâaya bàayuwaa kaashii (gàree kà).
Abdu NEG.CONT-3ms give-VII beating (by 2ms)
'Audu cannot be punished (by you).'
Example #806:
(88) a. yâara sun nèemàr ta/ *ita .
children 3p.PERF search-II-VN-of 3fs/ 3fs
'The children searched for her.'
Example #807:
b. yâara sun nèemi har *ta/ ita.
children 3p.PERF search-II even 3fs/ 3fs
'The children searched even for her.'
Example #808:
(89) a. yâara sun aikàa matà/ *mà ita.
children 3p.PERF send-I-VN IX-3fs/ IX 3fs
'The children sent her (s.th.).'
Example #809:
b. yâara sun aikàa ma har *tà/ ita.
children 3p.PERF send-I-VN IX even 3fs/ 3fs
'The children sent (s.th.) even to her.'
Example #810:
(90) a. Abdù nee yâara sukà aikàa mâa ita/ *ta.
Abdu cop.m children 3p.REL PERF send-I-VN IX 3fs/ 3fs
'It is to Abdu that the children sent it.'
Example #811:
b. Abdù nee yâara sukà bâa ita/ *ta.
Abdu cop.m children 3p.REL PERF give 3fs/ 3fs
'It is to Abdu that the children gave it.'
Example #812:
(91) a. ?Audù bâaya àikuwaa ita (gàree kà).
Abdu NEG.CONT-3ms send-VII-DN 3fs (by 2ms)
?'Audu cannot be sent it (by you).'
Example #813:
b. *Audù bâaya àikuwar tà (gàree kà).
Abdu NEG.CONT-3ms send-VII-DN-of 3fs (by 2ms)
?'Audu cannot be sent it (by you).'
Example #814:
akà naDàa bana wàsiiKàa.
IMP-REL PERF turban-I-VN this.year letter
'Shehu sent all the emirs that were throned this year a letter.'
Example #815:
dà akà naDàa bana.
that IMP-REL PERF turban-I-VN this.year
'Shehu sent a letter to all the emirs that were throned this year.'
Example #816:
wàsiiKàa.
letter
'Abdu sent even the emir a letter.'
Example #817:
d. Abdù fa yaa aikàa mà har sarkii wàsiiKàa.
Abdu indeed 3ms.PERF send-I-VN IX even emir letter
'Abdu indeed sent even the emir a letter.'
Example #818:
(94) a. kèekee nèe ya azàa mà -- kaayaa.
bike cop.m 3ms.REL PERF put-I-VN IX load
It is on the bike that he put some load.
Example #819:
b. *mà kèekee nèe ya azà -- kaayaa.
IX bike cop.m 3ms.REL PERF put-I load
'It is on the bike that he put some load.'
Example #820:
(95) a. gà kèekee nèe ya azà kaayaa --.
on bike cop.m 3ms.REL PERF put-I load
'It is on the bike that he put load.'
Example #821:
b. *kèekee nèe ya azà kaayaa gàa --.
bike cop.m 3ms.REL PERF put-I load on
'It is on the bike that he put load.'
Example #822:
(96) a. mà Laadì ankà wankoo (mà) rìigâr.
? Ladi IMP-REL PERF wash-VI-VN (IX) gown
'It is Ladi they washed the gown for.'
Example #823:
b. mà ita ankà wankoo (mà) rìigâr.
? 3fs IMP-REL PERF wash-VI-VN (IX) gown
'It is she they washed the gown for.'
Example #824:
c. mà Muusaa ta dahwàa mà/ mâa àbinci.
? Musa 3fs.REL PERF cook-I-VN IX/ IX-VN food
'It is Musa she cooked the food for.'
Example #825:
d. mà nii ta dahwàa mà/ mâa àbinci.
? 1s 3fs.REL PERF cook-I-VN IX/ IX-VN food
'It is me she cooked the food for.'
Example #826:
(97) a. *karàntàa wà màcè ===> karàntaa wà màcè
read-I-VN IX woman
'read to the woman'
Example #827:
(98) sun aikàa màa/ *maa Abdù wàsiiKàa.
3p.PERF send-I-VN IX/ IX-VN Abdu letter
'They sent a letter to Indo Abdu.'
Example #828:
(99) a. Abdù yaa kai kânshì/ kànshì
Abdu ms.PERF bring REFLEX/ REFLEX
'Abdu took himself (somewhere).
Example #829:
c. raanâi/ *raanài
day-DEF/ day-DEF
'The day in question.'
Example #830:
(100) a. naa gayàa mâa/ *màa zancee.
1s.PERF tell-I-VN IX-2ms/ IX-2ms matter
'I told you the matter.'
Example #831:
b. naa aikoo mâa/ màa takàrdaa.
1s.PERF send-VI-VN IX-2ms/ IX-2ms letter
'I sent you the letter.'
Example #832:
(101) a. taa ga wàsiiKàa/ ci tuwoo.
3fs.PERF see-II letter/ eat food paste
'She saw the letter/ ate the food paste.'
Example #833:
tuwoo.
food paste
'She showed him the letter/ fed him food paste'.
Example #834:
(102) a. taa karantar dà suu.
3fs.PERF read-III-VN-of V 3p
'She taught them.'
Example #835:
b. taa karantasshee sù.
3fs.PERF read-?-VN 3p
'She taught them.'
Example #836:
(103) a. yâu naa sàyi kaayaa dà wuri.
today 1s.PERF buy-II stuff early
'Today I bought my shopping early.'
Example #837:
b. yâu naa sàyee sù dà wuri.
today 1s.PERF buy-II-VN 3p early
'Today I bought them early.'
Example #838:
c. yâu naa sàyàs su dà wuri.
today 1s.PERF buy-II-VN-of 3p early
'Today I bought them early.'
Example #839:
(104) a. yâu naa sayar dà suu dà wuri.
today 1s.PERF sell-II-VN-of V 3p early
'Today I sold them early.'
Example #840:
b. yâu naa saishee sù dà wuri.
today 1s.PERF sell-II-VN 3p early
'Today I sold them early.'
Example #841:
(105) a. yau naa sai-s-i kaayaanaa da wuri
today I-comp. buy-cause goods-my with earliness
'Today I have sold my goods early'
Example #842:
b. naa sai-sh-ee su da wuri
I-comp. buy-cause them with earliness
'I sold them early'
Example #843:
c. wannan nee riiga-r da Audu ya sai-s-ii (maka)
this cop. shirt-the rel. Audu he-comp. buy-cause ([to]-you)
'Is this the shirt that Audu sold you?'
Example #844:
(106) a. yâu naa saidà kaayaanaa dà wuri.
today 1s.PERF sell-I stuff early
'Today I sold my shopping early.'
Example #845:
b. yâu naa saidoo kaayaanaa dà wuri.
today 1s.PERF sell-VI stuff early
'Today I sold my shopping early (+come).'
Example #846:
c. kaayaa sun sàidu.
goods 3p sell-VII
'The merchandize is sold.'
Example #847:
(108) a. yaa fitoo dà agalèemii.
3ms.PERF get.out-VI-VN V skin.mat
'He came out with a skin mat.' or 'he put out (here) a skin mat.'
Example #848:
b. yaa fiddoo agalèemii.
3ms.PERF get.out-VI skin.mat
'He put out (here) a skin mat.'
Example #849:
c. yaa fiddà agalèemii
3ms.PERF get.out-I skin.mat
'He put out a skin mat.'
Example #850:
(110) a. aikìi yaa wahalar. (from Newman 1983)
work 3ms.PERF tire-III-VN-of
'The work has tired (someone).'
Example #851:
b. gooròo, Abdù yaa jaafas (*dà / dà shii).
kolanuts Abdu 3ms.PERF throw.away-II-VN-of (V / V 3ms
'As for the kolanuts, Abdu has thrown them away.'
Example #852:
c. Sulè, aikìi yaa wahalar *( dà shii)
Sule work 3ms.PERF tire-III-VN-of V 3ms
'The work has tired (someone).'
Example #853:
(112) a. yanàa ciyar tuwoo.
3ms-CONT eat-II-VN-of paste
'he is eating food paste.'
Example #854:
b. Indoo taa ciyar dà suu tuwoo.
Indo 3fs.PERF eat-II-VN-of V 3p paste
'Indo fed them some food paste.'
Example #855:
(113) a. tanàa sanìn Abdù.
3fs.PERF know-II-DN-of Abdu
'She may well know Abdu.'
Example #856:
b. taa sanar dà Abdù làabaarìi.
3fs.PERF know-II-VN-of V Abdu news
'She informed Abdu about the news.'
Example #857:
(114) a. Aishà tanàa fìtaa.
Aishà 3fs-CONT get.out-III-DN
'Aisha is going out (habitually).'
Example #858:
b. Aishà taa fitar dà su Abdù.
Aishà 3fs.PERF get.out-III-VN-of V 3p Abdu
'Aisha got Abdu and others out.'
Example #859:
(115) a. Yaaròo yaa kwântaa/ kwantàa gado.
child 3ms.PERF lie-I/ lie-I on.bed
'The child went to bed.'
Example #860:
b. Abdù yaa kwantar dà yaaròo gado.
Abdu 3ms.PERF lie-VN-of V child on.bed
'Abdu put the child to bed.'
Example #861:
c. *yaaròo yaa kwànci gadoo.
child 3ms.PERF lie-II bed
'The child went to bed.'
Example #862:
(116) a. Abdù yaa jeefà bùhun hatsii à mootàa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF throw-I sack-of millet in car
'Abdu threw a sack of millet in the truck.'
Example #863:
b. Abdù yaa jèefi mootàa dà tùmmaatìr.
Abdu 3ms.PERF throw.at-II car with tomatoes
'Abdu threw at the car with tomatoes.'
Example #864:
c. Abdù yaa jeefar dà bùhun hatsii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF throw-VN-of V sack-of millet
'Abdu threw off/ away the sack of millet.'
Example #865:
(117) a. yaa bùgi Dan Indoo.
3ms.PERF hit-II son-of Indo
'He hit Indo's son.'
Example #866:
b. bugar Dan Indoo nèe ya yi.
hit-II-VN-of son-of Indo cop.m 3ms.REL PERF do
'It is hiting Indo's son that he did.'
Example #867:
c. bugar dà Dan Indoo nèe ya yi.
hit-II-VN-of V son-of Indo cop.m 3ms.REL PERF do
'It is beating up Indo's son that he did.'
Example #868:
Indo]n dà Abdù ya àrkaa.
Indo]-DEF that Abdu 3ms.REL PERF engaged
'She did not like the beating up of Indo's son that Audu engaged in.'
Example #869:
(118) a. Abdù yaa jeefà bùhun hatsii à mootàa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF throw-I sack-of millet in car
'Abdu threw a sack of millet in the truck.'
Example #870:
b. Abdù yaa jeefàa dà bùhun hatsii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF throw-I-VN V sack-of millet
'Abdu threw off/ away the sack of millet.'
Example #871:
c. Abdù yaa jeefar dà bùhun hatsii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF throw-VN-of V sack-of millet
'Abdu threw off/ away the sack of millet.'
Example #872:
(119) a. Indoo taa juuyàa dà kèekee.
Indo 3fs.PERF turn.over-I-VN V bike
'Indo turned over the bike.'
Example #873:
b. Indoo taa aikàa dà gooròo à MaraaDi.
Indo 3fs.PERF send-I-VN V kolanuts in Maradi
'Indo sent kolanuts in Maradi.'
Example #874:
c. gùsaa dà shii can!
move-I-VN V 3ms there.invisible
'Move it away!'
Example #875:
(121) a. dà Audù nee mukà fìta.
with Audu cop.m 1p-REL PERF go.out-III
'It is with Audu that we went out.'
Example #876:
b. *dà bùhuu nèe mukà fitar.
V sack cop.m 1p-REL PERF go.out-VN-of
'It is the sack that we took out.'
Example #877:
(122) a. Audù nee mukà fìta dà shii.
Audu cop.m 1p-REL PERF go.out-III with 3ms
'It is with Audu that we went out.'
Example #878:
b. ?bùhuu nèe mukà fitar dà shii.
sack cop.m 1p-REL PERF go.out-VN-of V 3ms
'It is the sack that we took out.'
Example #879:
(123) a. *Audù nee mukà fìta dà.
Audu cop.m 1p-REL PERF go.out-III with
'It is with Audu that we went out.'
Example #880:
b. *Audù nee mukà fìta.
Audu cop.m 1p-REL PERF go.out-III
'It is with Audu that we went out.'
Example #881:
(124) a. bùhuu nèe mukà fitar dàa.
sack cop.m 1p-REL PERF go.out-VN-of V
'It is the sack that we took out.'
Example #882:
b. bùhuu nèe mukà fitar.
sack cop.m 1p-REL PERF go.out-VN-of
'It is the sack that we took out.'
Example #883:
c. wai wani sarkii nèe akà fitar (?dàa).
EVID some.m emir cop.m IMP-REL PERF go.out-VN-of (V)
'Apparently it is some emir that was forced out.'
Example #884:
Dan Kàraminshì.
little small-of-3ms
'Abdu remembered the time he was a tiny little boy.'
Example #885:
Dan Kàraminshì.
little small-of-3ms
'Abdu remembered the time he was a tiny little boy.'
Example #886:
(126) a. Abdù yaa karàa dà suu.
Abdu 3ms.PERF clash-I with 3p
'Abdu clashed with them.'
Example #887:
b. *Abdù yaa kardàa su.
Abdu 3ms.PERF clash.with-I 3p
'Abdu clashed with them.'
Example #888:
(127) a. Bàlki taa fitar dà tùuluu.
Balki 3fs.PERF get.out-III-VN-of V pot
'Balki took out the water pot.'
Example #889:
b. Bàlki taa fiddà tùuluu.
Balki 3fs.PERF get.out-I pot
'Balki took out the water pot.'
Example #890:
(128) a. yanàa fitoo dà kaayaa.
3ms-CONT get.out-VI-VN V loads
'He is bringing out the loads.'
Example #891:
b. yanàa fitôowaa dà kaayaa.
3ms-CONT get.out-VI-VN with loads
'He is coming out with the loads.'
Example #892:
(131) a. yâara takèe karantarwàa/ karantar dàawaa/ *karantarwàa dà.
children 3fs.REL CONT teach-V-VN
'it is the children she is teaching'.
Example #893:
(137) a. yâara nèe yakèe kooyàa mà kàràatuu.
children cop.p 3ms.REL CONT teaching-I IX reading/study
'It is the children that he is teaching.'
Example #894:
b. yâara nee yakèe karantarwàa/ karantar dàawaa/, etc.
children cop.p 3ms.REL CONT read-V-VN
'It is the children that he is teaching.'
Example #895:
(138) a. jeefar dà bùhun hatsii nèe Abdu ya yi.
throw-VN-of V sack-of millet cop.m Abdu 3ms.REL PERF do
'It is throwing off/ away the millet sack that Abdu did.'
Example #896:
b. *jeefar nèe Abdu ya yi dà bùhun hatsii.
throw-VN-of cop.m Abdu 3ms.REL PERF do V sack-of millet
'It is throwing off/ away the millet sack that Abdu did.'
Example #897:
c. sanar dà Aishà làabaarìi nee na yi.
know-II-VN-of V Aishà news cop.m 1s.REL PERF do
'It is conveying the news to Aisha that I did.'
Example #898:
d. *sanar nee na yi dà Aishà làabaarìi.
know-II-VN-of cop.m 1s.REL PERF do V Aishà news
'It is conveying the news to Aisha that I did.
Example #899:
(139) a. Indoo taa karantar (fa) dà yâara.
Indo 3fs.PERF read-III-VN-of MOD V children
'Indo indeed taught the children.'
Example #900:
b. ?Abdù yaa sanar (fa) dà Aishà làabaarìi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF know-II-VN-of MOD V Aisha news
'Abdu indeed conveyed the news to Aisha.'
Example #901:
c. Indoo taa karantar dà yâara (fa).
Indo 3fs.PERF read-III-VN-of V children MOD
'Indo indeed thaught the children.'
Example #902:
d. Indoo taa karantar dà (fa) yâara.
Indo 3fs.PERF read-III-VN-of V MOD children
'Indo indeed taught the children.'
Example #903:
(140) a. Indoo taa aikàa *( fa) dà gooròo.
Indo 3fs.PERF send-I-VN indeed V kolanuts
'Indo indeed sent some kolanuts.'
Example #904:
b. Indoo taa aikoo (fa) dà gooròo.
Indo 3fs.PERF send-VI-VN indeed V kolanuts
'Indo indeed sent some kolanuts.'
Example #905:
(141) a. Indoo taa karantar (*dai / *maa/ *har ) dà yâara.
Indo 3fs.PERF read-III-VN-of MOD/ MOD/ MOD V children
'Indo thaught indeed/ even the children.'
Example #906:
làabaarìi.
news
'Abdu conveyed the news indeed/ even to Aisha.'
Example #907:
(142) a. Aishà taa jeefar dà kàren Indoo.
Aisha 3fs.PERF throw-VN-of V dog-of Indo
'Aisha threw away Indo's dog.'
Example #908:
b. Aishà taa jeefam mà Indoo dà kàree.
Aisha 3fs.PERF throw-VN-of IX Indo V dog
'Aisha threw away Indo's dog.'
Example #909:
c. Aishà taa jeefam màa dà Indoo kàree.
Aisha 3fs.PERF throw-VN-of IX V Indo dog
'Aisha threw away Indo's dog.'
Example #910:
d. Aishà taa jeefar dàa mà Indoo kàree.
Aisha 3fs.PERF throw-VN-of V IX Indo dog
'Aisha threw away Indo's dog.'
Example #911:
(143) a. naa sayar wà Audù dookìi.
1s.PERF sell-II-VN-of IX Audu dookìi
'I sold a horse to Audu.'
Example #912:
b. naa sayar wà Audù dà dookìi.
1s.PERF sell-II-VN-of IX Audu V dookìi
'I sold a horse to Audu.'
Example #913:
c. naa sayar wà dà Audù dookìi.
1s.PERF sell-II-VN-of IX V Audu dookìi
'I sold a horse to Audu.'
Example #914:
d. naa sayar wà dà Abdù dà dookìi.
1s.PERF sell-II-VN-of IX V Audu V dookìi
'I sold a horse to Audu.'
Example #915:
màwaa.
MA-VN
'As for dog, It is Indo's that Aisha threw away.'
Example #916:
mâa (dà) kàree.
MA-VN (V) dog
'It is Indo whose dog Aisha threw away.'
Example #917:
c. kàree nèe Aishà ta jeefar dàa mà Indoo.
dog cop.m Aisha 3fs.REL PERF throw-VN-of DA-VN IX Indo
'It is a dog (of Indo) that Aisha threw away.'
Example #918:
d. *kàree nèe Aishà ta jeefar mâa dà Indoo.
dog cop.m Aisha 3fs.REL PERF throw-VN-of IX V Indo
'It is a dog that Aisha deprived Indo off.'
Example #919:
(149) a. dookìi yaa tsooràtà yaaròo (àmmaa bàa kwarai ba).
horse 3ms.PERF frighten-I boy (but NEG much NEG)
'The horse frightened the boy a bit.'
Example #920:
kwarai ba).
much NEG)
'The horse completely frightened the boy (*a bit).'
Example #921:
(150) a. sun nunà lèemûn nan (àmmaa bàa saranshì ba).
3p.PERF ripen-I lemon that (but NEG totality-of-3ms NEG)
'They ripened that lemon, but not in its totality.'
Example #922:
saranshì ba).
totality-of-3ms NEG)
'They completely ripened that lemon, (*but not in its totality).'
Example #923:
(151) a. yaaròo yaa juuyàa.
boy 3ms.PERF turn-I
'The boy changed his position (by turning).
Example #924:
b. taa juuyà yaaròo.
3fs.PERF turn-I boy
'She turned the boy.'
Example #925:
c. taa juuyar dà yaaròo.
3fs.PERF turn-VN-of V boy
'She faced the boy away.'
Example #926:
(152) a. naa juuyà yaaròo naa fuskantoo shì nân.
1s.PERF turn-I boy 1s.PERF face-VI 3ms here
'I turned the boy and faced him toward here.'
Example #927:
b. *naa juuyar dà yaaròo naa fuskantoo shì nân.
1s.PERF turn-VN-of V boy 1s.PERF face-VI 3ms here
*'I turned away the boy and faced him toward here.'
Example #928:
(153) a. taa juuyà kântà.
3fs.PERF turn-I head-of-3ms
'She turned her head/ herself.'
Example #929:
ga Abdù.
see-II Abdu
'She turned her head away when she saw Abdu.'
Example #930:
(154) a. Indoo taa jeefà kuDintà cikin asuusù.
Indo 3fs.PERF throw-I money-of-3fs inside-of piggy.bank
'Indo threw her money into the piggy bank.'
Example #931:
b. Indoo taa jeefar dà kuDintà.
Indo 3fs.PERF throw-VN-of V money-of-3fs
'Indo threw away her money.'
Example #932:
(156) a. yaaròo yaa durKùsaa.
boy 3ms.PERF kneel-I
'The boy kneeled.'
Example #933:
b. Indoo taa durKusar dà yaaròo.
Indo 3fs.PERF kneel-VN-of V boy
'Indo kneeled the boy.'
Example #934:
c. *Indoo taa durKùsà yaaròo.
Indo 3fs.PERF kneel-I boy
'Indo kneeled the boy.'
Example #935:
(157) a. yaaròo yaa zamnàa (kân) kujèeraa.
boy 3ms.PERF sit-I on chair
'The boy sat on the chair.'
Example #936:
b. yaaròo yaa zamnà kujèeraa.
boy 3ms.PERF sit-I chair
'The boy sat on the chair.'
Example #937:
c. Indoo taa zamnar dà yaaròo kân kujèeraa.
Indo 3fs.PERF sit-VN-of V boy on chair
'Indo sat the boy on the chair.'
Example #938:
(158) a. taa ga wàsiiKàa.
3fs.PERF see-II letter
'She saw the letter.'
Example #939:
b. yaa ganar dà ita wàsiiKàa
3ms.PERF see-II-VN-of V 3fs letter
'He showed her the letter.'
Example #940:
(159) a. taa san zancen dà akèe yîi.
3fs.PERF know-II topic that IMP-REL CONT do-DN
'She knows what is being talked about.
Example #941:
b. yaa sanar dà ita làabaarìi.
3fm.PERF know-II-VN-of V 3fs news
'He informed her about the news.'
Example #942:
(160) a. tùuluu yaa cìka.
pot 3ms.PERF be.full-III
'The pot filled up.'
Example #943:
b. taa cikà tùuluu.
3ms.PERF fill.up-I pot
'She filled up the pot.
Example #944:
c. taa cikar dà tùuluu.
3ms.PERF fill-III-VN-of V pot
'She swiftly filled up the pot.'
Example #945:
(161) a. ruwaa sun zùba.
water 3p.PERF spill-III
'The water spilled.'
Example #946:
b. taa zubà ruwan à tùuluu.
3fs.PERF pour-I water-DEF in pot
'She poured the water into the pot.'
Example #947:
c. taa zubar dà ruwan.
3fs.PERF pour-III-VN-of V water-DEF
'She poured away the water.'
Example #948:
(162) a. yaaròo yaa fìta.
boy 3ms.PERF get.out-III
'The boy got out.'
Example #949:
b. taa fitar dà yaaròo.
3fs.PERF get out-III-VN-of V child
'She got the child out.'
Example #950:
c. *taa fità yaaròo.
3fs.PERF get out-I child
'She got the child out.'
Example #951:
(163) a. yaaròo yaa shìga sùlmâa.
boy 3ms.PERF enter-III theather
'The boy entered into the theather.'
Example #952:
b. taa shigar dà yaaròo sùlmâa.
3fs.PERF enter-III-VN-of V child theather
'She got the child into the theather.'
Example #953:
c. *taa shigà yaaròo sùlmâa.
3fs.PERF enter-I child theather
'She got the child into the theather.'
Example #954:
(i) a. Abdù yanàa yin dàshen itàacee.
Abdu 3ms-CONT do planting-of trees
'Abdu is planting trees.'
Example #955:
b. Abdù nàa dàshen itàacee.
Abdu CONT planting-of trees
'Abdu is planting trees.'
Example #956:
(i) a. sun aikàa mâa Abdù wàsiiKàa.
3p.PERF send-I IX/ Abdu letter
'They sent a letter to Indo Abdu.'
Example #957:
(1) a. Abdù yaa shìga cîn àbinci.
Abdu 3ms.PERF enter-I eat-DN-of food
'Abdu went inside to eat.'
Example #958:
b. Abdù yaa shìga yà ci àbinci.
Abdu 3ms.PERF enter-I 3ms.SUB eat food
'Abdu went inside to eat.'
Example #959:
c. hawan ràaKumii nàa dà wùyaa.
riding-DN-of camel be with difficulty
'Riding/ to ride a camel is difficult.'
Example #960:
d. yâara dà zuwàa sùlmâa bâi dà ànfàanii.
children with go-DN movies NEG.3ms.CONT with purpose
'Children's going to the movies has no worth.'
Example #961:
e. yâara fa sun sàamu kàren kishìi.
Children indeed 3p.PERF have dog-of beat-DN
'The children indeed have found a dog to beat on.'
Example #962:
f. àbin cîi
thing-of eat-DN
'An edible thing, a thing to be eaten'
Example #963:
(3) a. sunàa nunà lèemuu (à) killaa.
3p.CONT ripen-I lemon (in) garden
'They are ripening lemon in the garden.'
Example #964:
b. lèemuu nèe sukèe nunàawaa (à) killaa.
lemon be 3p.REL CONT ripen-I-VN (in) garden
'It is lemon that they are ripening in the garden.'
Example #965:
(4) a. jeefàawar Abdù
throw-I-VN-of Abdu
'Abdu's throwing.'
Example #966:
(5) a. Abdù yanàa halbar kàren Idii.
Abdu 3ms.CONT kick-II-VN-of dog-of Idi
'Audu is kicking Idi's dog.'
Example #967:
b. Abdù yaa hàlbi kàren Idii.
Abdu 3ms.PERF kick-II dog-of Idi
'Audu kicked Idi's dog.'
Example #968:
(10) a. Indoo tanàa (gà) kaamàawaa.
Indo 3fs.CONT (at) catch-I-VN
'Indo is catching (something).'
Example #969:
b. Indoo tanàa (gà) kaamùu.
Indo 3fs.CONT (at) catch-DN
'Indo is catching (something).'
Example #970:
(11) Indoo tanàa cikin Daakìi.
Indo 3fs.be inside-of room
'Indo is in the room.'
Example #971:
tàfi makkà.
go-III Makkà
'Abdu was little when his mother went the Mecca.'
Example #972:
b. sun îskè Indoo tanàa zàmne bisà kujèeraa.
3p.PERF find-VIII Indo 3fs-be sitting on chair
'They found Indo sitting on a chair.'
Example #973:
c. Gòwôn nàa shùugàban Nàjeeriyàa à lookàcin yaaKìn Ojukwù.
Gowon be leader-of Nigeria at time-of war-of Ojukwu
'Gowon was the leader of Nigeria during the Biafra war.'
Example #974:
d. Lookàcîn nan Muhammad Ali nàa Muhammad Alinshì.
time-DEF then Muhammad Ali be Muhammad Ali-of-3ms
'Then Muhammad Ali was for real.'
Example #975:
(13) a. Aali yanàa shìgifàa.
Ali 3ms.do room
'Ali is building a room.'
Example #976:
b. yaaròo nàa "kù gusàa kù baa nì hanyàa".
child do 2p.SUB move-I 2p.SUB give 1s way
'The child went: please move and give me the way.'
Example #977:
c. Indoo tanàa dà kyaawòo/ Indoo tanàa dà kuDii.
Indo 3fs.be with beauty/ Indo 3fs-be with money
'Indo is beautifull'/ 'Indo has money' or 'Indo is a rich person'
Example #978:
(14) a. Abdù yanàa fa/ dai / kau faDàa mà sarkiizancee sai...
Abdu 3ms-CONT indeed tell-I-VN IX emir matter when
'Abdu was telling the emir the matter when...'
Example #979:
b. ...Abdù yanàa kumaa did diìbaawàa Dakà.
Abdu 3ms-CONT on.the.other.hand REDUP -search-I-VN in.room
'...while Abdu, on his side, was searching the room.'
Example #980:
(15) a. sun nèemi sù jee sù gan shì.
3p.PERF search-II 3p.SUB go 3p.SUB see-II 3ms
'They tried to go and see him.'
Example #981:
b. sun nèemi zuwàa ganii nài.
3p.PERF search-II go-DN see-DN his
'They tried to go and see him.'
Example #982:
(16) a. yaaròo yaa faarà zuwàa makarantaa.
child 3ms.PERF begin-I go-DN school
'The child began to go to school.'
Example #983:
b. yaa Kaarè cîn àbinci.
3ms.PERF finish-IV eat-DN-of food
'He finished eating.'
Example #984:
(17) a. koomàawaa Kàtsinà taa mà Abdù wùyaa.
return-I-VN Katsina 3fs.PERF MA Abdu difficulty
'returning to Katsina is difficult for Abdu.'
Example #985:
makarantaa.
school
'Indo talked to the children about going to school.
Example #986:
mutàanee.
people
(lit.: children did that of kicking people's dog)
Example #987:
dà kuDii!
with money
'How can Abdu go to the market, now that he is penniless!'
Example #988:
e. bâa zuwàa makarantaa.
NEG go-DN school
'There is no going to school.'
Example #989:
(18) a. tanàa kak kàamaa mà Indoo awaakii.
3fs-CONT REDUP-catch-I-VN IX Indo goats
'She is catching goats for Indo.'
Example #990:
b. tanàa kak kàamaawàa.
3fs-CONT REDUP-catch-I-VN
'She is catching here and there.'
Example #991:
(19) a. tanàa kaamùn/ kàame kàamen kiifii.
3fs-CONT catch-DN-of/ REDUP catch-DN-of fish
'She fishing here and there.'
Example #992:
b. *tanàa kàk kaamùn kiifii.
3fs-CONT REDUP-catch-DN-of fish
'She fishing here and there.'
Example #993:
(20) a. taa yi kaamùn kiifii.
3fs.PERF do catch-DN-of fish
?'She did fishing.'
Example #994:
b. *taa yi kaamàa mà Indoo awaakii.
3fs.PERF do catch-I-VN IX Indo goats
*'She did catching goats for Indo.'
Example #995:
c. *taa yi kaamàawaa.
3fs.PERF do catch-I-VN
*'She did catching.'
Example #996:
(21) a. wannàn kaamùn jiyà nee.
this catch-DN-of yesterday cop
'This is yesterday's catch (pointing to fish bucket).'
Example #997:
b. ?wannàn kaamàawar jiyà nee
this catch-I-VN-of yesterday cop
?'This is yesterday's catching (pointing to fish bucket).'
Example #998:
c. *[wannàn kaamàa mà Indoo]-n jiyà nee
[this catch-I-VN IX Indo]-of yesterday cop
*'This is yesterday's catching for Indo (pointing to fish bucket).'
Example #999:
(22) a. taa kaamè àkuyàa.
3fs.PERF seize-IV goat
'She seized the goat firmly.'
Example #1000:
b. taa kaamèe mà Indoo àkuyàa.
3fs.PERF seize-IV-VN IX Indo goat
'She seized Indo's goat firmly.'
Example #1001:
(23) a. taa kaamoo àkuyàa.
3fs.PERF seize-VI goat
'She seized the goat and came.'
Example #1002:
b. taa kaamoo mà Indoo àkuyàa.
3fs.PERF seize-VI-VN IX Indo goat
'She seized Indo's goat and came' or 'She seized a goat for Indo and came.'
Example #1003:
(24) a. Indoo tanàa halbìn jàkkin Aali.
Indo 3fs-CONT kick-DN-of donkey-of Ali
'Indo is kicking Ali's donkey.'
Example #1004:
b. Indoo tanàa halbar jàkkin Aali.
Indo 3fs-CONT kick-II-VN-of donkey-of Ali
'Indo is kicking Ali's donkey.'
Example #1005:
c. Indoo tanàa hàlbar jàkkin Aali.
Indo 3fs-CONT kick-II-VN-of donkey-of Ali
'Indo is kicking Ali's donkey.'
Example #1006:
(25) a. Indoo tanàa halbam mà Aali jàkkii.
Indo 3fs-CONT kick-II-VN-of IX Ali donkey
'Indo is kicking Ali's donkey.'
Example #1007:
b. *Indoo tanàa hàlbam mà Aali jàkkii.
Indo 3fs-CONT kick-II-VN-of IX Ali donkey
'Indo is kicking Ali's donkey.'
Example #1008:
c. *Indoo tanàa halbìm mà Aali jàkkii.
Indo 3fs-CONT kick-DN-of IX Ali donkey
'Indo is kicking Ali's donkey.'
Example #1009:
(27) a. *yaa yi halbar bàalôo/ Balgatar ginìi.
3ms.PERF do kick-II-VN-of ball/ breaking-II-VN-of wall
'He did ball kicking/ wall breaking.'
Example #1010:
ginìi.
wall
'He is kicking the ball/ breaking the wall.'
Example #1011:
c. *wannàn halbar/ Balgatar jiyà nee.
this shoot-II-VN-of/ break-II-VN-of yesterday cop
*'This is yesterday's shooting/ breaking off.'
Example #1012:
(28) a. yaa yi halbìn bàalôo/ Bàlgatàr ginìi.
3ms.PERF do kick-DN-of ball/ breaking-DN-of wall
'He did ball kicking/ wall breaking.'
Example #1013:
b. yanàa hàlbe hàlbee/ Bàlgàce Bàlgàcee.
3ms-CONT REDUP kick-DN/ REDUP breaking-DN
'He is giving kicks/ breaking things here and there.'
Example #1014:
c. wannàn halbìn/ Bàlgatàr jiyà nee.
this shoot-DN-of/ break-DN-of yesterday cop
*'This is yesterday's shooting/ breaking off.'
Example #1015:
(29) a. Abdù yaa fìta.
Abdu 3ms.PERF go.out-III
'Abdu went out.'
Example #1016:
b. Abdù yanàa fìtaa.
Abdu 3ms-CONT go.out-DN
'Abdu is going out (i.e. will go out).'
Example #1017:
(30) a. yaa yi faadùwaa mugunyàa/ kùmburàa mai daamaa.
3ms do fall-DN bad/ swell-DN owner.of a.lot
'It had a bad fall/ it swelled a lot.'
Example #1018:
b. màasu fìce fìcee
POSS-3p REDUP going.out-DN
'Those always going out'
Example #1019:
d. wannàn mangwàro faaDùwar jiyà nee.
this mango fall-DN-of yesterday cop
'This mango felt (from tree) yesterday.'
Example #1020:
(31) a. yaa karantar dà Dantà.
3ms.PERF teach-III-VN-of V son-of-3fs
'He taught her son.'
Example #1021:
b. kurjii yaa fitam mà Abdù à kumcìi.
rash 3ms.PERF get.out-III-VN-of IX Abdu on cheek
'A rash appeared on Abdu's cheek.'
Example #1022:
c. *kurjii yaa fìtam mà Abdù à kumcìi.
rash 3ms.PERF get.out-III-DN-of IX Abdu on cheek
'A rash appeared on Abdu's cheek.'
Example #1023:
(32) àbinci baayà tàBuwaa.
food NEG.CONT-3ms touch-VII-VN
'The food is untouchable.' (i.e. it is hot)
Example #1024:
(33) a. maràk kàamuwaa
lacker be catchable
'the non-catchable'
Example #1025:
b. marày yànkuwaa
lacker be.able.to.be.cut
'the one that cannot be cut'
Example #1026:
(34) a. *maràk kaamàawaa
lacker catch-I-VN
'the one that cannot catch' or 'the one not catching'
Example #1027:
b. *marày yankà naamàa
lacker cut-II meat
'the one that cannot cut meat' or 'the one not cutting meat'
Example #1028:
(35) a. sun taaram mà Abdù.
3p.PERF gather-VII-VN-of IX Abdu
'They ganged up on Abdu.'
Example #1029:
b. àbindà ya abkam mà Abdù.
thing-that 3ms.REL PERF befall-VII-VN-of IX Abdu
'The thing that has befallen Abdu.'
Example #1030:
c. taa wanzar dà kuDii.
3fs.PERF remain.over-VII-VN-of V money
'She made the money last.'
Example #1031:
(36) a. Abdù yaa ci tuwoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF eat staple
'Abdu ate staple food.'
Example #1032:
b. Abdù yanàa cîi/ cîn tuwoo.
Abdu 3ms.CONT eat-DN/ eat-DN-of staple
'Abdu is eating (s.th.)/ is eating staple food.'
Example #1033:
(37) a. Abdù yaa cii/ *cîn mà Aali tuwoo.
Abdu 3ms.PERF eat-VN/ eat-DN-of IX Ali staple food
'Abdu ate Ali's staple food.'
Example #1034:
(38) a. Indoo taa kaamà kiifii jiyà.
Indo 3fs.PERF catch-I fish yesterday
'Indo caught some fish yesterday.'
Example #1035:
b. kiifii nèe Indoo ta kaamàa jiyà.
fish cop.m Indo 3fs.REL PERF catch-I-VN yesterday
'It is some fish that Indo caught yesterday.'
Example #1036:
c. Indoo taa kaamàa shi jiyà.
Indo 3fs.PERF catch-I-VN 3ms yesterday
'Indo caught it yesterday.'
Example #1037:
taa kaamèe shi.
3fs.PERF catch-IV-VN 3ms
'She caught some fish/ it is fish that she caught/ she caught it.'
Example #1038:
taa kaamoo shi.
3fs.PERF catch-VI-VN 3ms
came/ she caught it and came.'
Example #1039:
(40) a. yaa jèefi kàree.
3ms.PERF throw-II dog
'He threw at the dog.'
Example #1040:
b. kàree ya jèefaa.
dog 3ms.REL PERF throw-II-VN
'It is a dog that he threw at.'
Example #1041:
c. yaa jèefee shì.
3ms.PERF throw-II-VN 3ms
'He threw at it.'
Example #1042:
d. yaa jèefàs shi.
3ms.PERF throw-II-VN -of 3ms
'He threw at it.'
Example #1043:
(41) a. taa ga takàrdaa.
3fs.PERF see letter
'She saw the letter.'
Example #1044:
b. taa ga tà.
3fs.PERF see 3fs
'She saw it.'
Example #1045:
c. taa gan tà.
3fs.PERF see 3fs
'She saw it.'
Example #1046:
d. taa ganee tà.
3fs.PERF see-II-VN 3fs
'She saw it.'
Example #1047:
e. takàrdaa cèe ta ganii.
letter cop.f 3fs.REL PERF see-DN
'It is a letter that she saw.'
Example #1048:
(42) a. taa san Abdù.
3fs.PERF know Abdu
'She knows Abdu.'
Example #1049:
b. taa san shì.
3fs.PERF know 3ms
'She knows him.'
Example #1050:
c. can ta sànee shì.
there.invisible 3fs.PERF know-II-VN 3ms
'She met him there.'
Example #1051:
d. Abdùn dà ta sanìi...
Abdu-DEF that 3fs.REL PERF know-DN
'The one Abdu she knows...'
Example #1052:
(52) a. Indoo taa fìta/ *fitaa/ *fìtaa.
Indo 3fs.PERF go.out-III/ go.out-III-VN/ go.out-III-DN
'Indo went out.'
Example #1053:
b. Abdù yaa bùgu/ *bugaa/ *bùguwaa.
Abdu 3ms.PERF hit-VII hit-VII-VN/ hit-VII-DN
'Abdu is good-drunk./ Abdu is hit.'
Example #1054:
(53) a. kuDii sunàa gà Indoo.
money 3p-be with Indo
'The money is with Indo.'
Example #1055:
b. kuDii sunàa gàree tà.
money 3p-be with 3fs
'The money is with her.
Example #1056:
(54) a. yâara sun maidoo rìigaa ta Indoo.
children 3p.PERF return-VI gown of Indo
'The children returned Indo's gown.'
Example #1057:
b. yâara sun maidoo rìigaa taa-tà.
children 3p.PERF return-VI gown of-3fs
'The children returned her gown.'
Example #1058:
(55) a. yâara sun maidoo kèekee na Abdù.
children 3p.PERF return-VI bike of Abdu
'The children returned Abdu's bike.'
Example #1059:
b. yâara sun maidoo kèekee naa-shì.
children 3p.PERF return-VI bike of-3ms
'The children returned his bike.'
Example #1060:
(60) a. shùugàbaa-naa
leader-1s
'my boss' (cf. shùugàba(a) 'leader')
Example #1061:
b. àkwàatii-naa
box-1s
'my box' (cf. àkwàati 'box')
Example #1062:
(62) a. sunàa kaamà/ *kaamàa(waa) kiifii.
3p.CONT catch-I/ catch-I-VN fish
'They are catching fish.'
Example #1063:
b. kaamà kiifii/ *kaamàa(waa) kiifii nàa dà ban shaawàa.
catch-I fish/ catch-I-VN fish CONT with give-DN-of pleasure
'Fishing is a pleasurable activity.'
Example #1064:
(63) taa faarà kaamàa su/ *kaamà(awaa) su.
3fs.PERF begin-I catch-I-VN 3p/ catch-I-VN 3p
'She began catching them.'
Example #1065:
(64) kiifii nèe takèe kaamàawaa.
fish cop 3fs.CONT catch-I-VN
'It is fish that she is catching.'
Example #1066:
(65) a. kàree nèe yakèe jeefaa.
dog cop.p 3ms-CONT throw.at-II-VN
'It is a dog that he is throwing at.'
Example #1067:
b. yanàa jeefar kàree/ *jèefi kàree.
3ms-CONT throw.at-II-VN-of dog/ throw.at-II dog
'He is throwing at the dog.'
Example #1068:
*jèefàs shi
throw-II-VN-of 3ms
'He is throwing at it.'
Example #1069:
(67) a. yâara nèe yakèe karantar dàawaa/ dàa/ ?dà
children cop.p 3ms-REL CONT teach-III-VN-of V-VN/ V-VN/ V
'It is the children that he is teaching.'
Example #1070:
b. yanàa karantar dà yâara/ *dàa(waa) yâara.
3ms-CONT teach-III-VN-of V children/ V-VN children
'He is teaching children.'
Example #1071:
(107) a. kaamàawar Abdù/ kaamà kiifin Abdu
catch-I-VN-of Abdu/ catch-I fish-of Abdu
'Abdu's catching (something)/ Abdu's catching a fish.'
Example #1072:
b. zamnàawar Abdù
sit-I-VN-of Abdu
'Abdu's sitting down'
Example #1073:
(112) a. jeefàa mà Abdù
throw-I-VN IX Abdu
'throwing (s.th.) to Abdu'
Example #1074:
b. jeefam mà Abdù kàree.
throw-II-VN-of IX Abdu dog
'throwing at Abdu's dog'
Example #1075:
(113) a. jeefà KunKuu
throw-I stone
'throw a stone'
Example #1076:
b. jeefar tsuntsuu
throw-II-VN-of bird
'throw at a bird'
Example #1077:
c. jiifàr KunKuu / tsuntsuu/ Abdù/ jiyàa
throw-DN-of stone/ bird/ Abdu/ yesterday
'stone throw/ throwing at birds/ Abdu's throw/ yesterday's throw'
Example #1078:
(114) a. jeefà KunKuu jiyàa
throw-I stone yesterday
'throwing a stone yesterday'
Example #1079:
b. jeefà KunKun jiyàa
throw-I stone-of yesterday
'throwing yesterday's stone'
Example #1080:
(115) a. jeefar kàree jiyàa
throw-II-VN-of dog yesterday
'throwing at the dog yesterday'
Example #1081:
b. jeefar kàren jiyàa
throw-II-VN-of dog-of yesterday
'throwing at yesterday's dog'
Example #1082:
(116) a. ?jiifàr KunKuu jiyàa
throw-DN stone yesterday
'the throw of a stone yesterday'
Example #1083:
b. jiifàr KunKun jiyàa
throw-DN stone-of yesterday
'the throw of yesterday's stone'
Example #1084:
(117) a. jeefàawar Abdù
throw-I-VN-of Abdu
'Abdu's throwing (s.th.)'
Example #1085:
b. jeefar Abdù
throw-II-VN-of Abdu
'throwing at Abdu'
Example #1086:
(118) a. kasam macìijin Abdù
beat-II-VN-of snake-of Abdu
??: 'Abdu's beating on the snake.'
Example #1087:
(122) a. kaamùn Abdù
catch-DN-of Abdu
'Abdu's catching (of s.o.)' or '(s.o.'s) catching of Abdu'
Example #1088:
b. bugùn Abdù
hit-DN-of Abdu
'Abdu's hitting (of s.o.)' or '(s.o.'s) hitting of Abdu'
Example #1089:
(123) jiràn gàawon shaanuu
wait-DN-of fruit-of cows
'unrealistic expectations' lit: 'cows' waiting of the fruit'
Example #1090:
(124) a. kàràatun littaafìn Abdù
read-DN-of book-of Abdu
'Abdu's reading of the book'
Example #1091:
b. kashìn macìijin Abdù
kill-DN-of snake-of Abdu
'Abdu's killing of the snake'
Example #1092:
(126) a. halbìn bàreewar Abdù (or halbìn bàreewaa na Abdù)
shoot-DN-of gazelle-of Abdu
'Abdu's shooting of a gazelle'
Example #1093:
b. yankan naamàn Abdù
cut-DN-of meat-of Abdu
'Abdu's cutting of the meat'
Example #1094:
c. bugùn hatsin Abdù
hit-Dn-of millet-of Abdu
'Abdu's winnowing of the millet'
Example #1095:
d. hòoran Diyaa na Abdù
train-DN-of children of Abdu
'Abdu's training of his children'
Example #1096:
e. ban kaashin Abdù
give-DN-of punishment-of Abdu
'Abdu's giving of punishment '
Example #1097:
f. tuuKìn mootàr Abdù (or tuuKìn mootàa na Abdù)
stir-DN-of car-of Abdu
'Abdu's driving of the car'
Example #1098:
g. kallon watàn Abdù
look-DN-of moon-of Abdu
'Abdu' watching of the moon'
Example #1099:
h. rufìn Daakìn Abdù
cover-DN-of room-of Abdu
'Abdu's roofing of the room'
Example #1100:
i. rùbùutun wàsiiKàr Abdù (or rùbùutun wàsiiKàa na Abdù)
write-DN-of letter-of Abdu
'Abdu's writing of a letter'
Example #1101:
(127) a. jiifàr KunKun Abdù.
throw-DN.f-of.f stone.m-of.m Abdu
'the throwing of Abdu's stone'
Example #1102:
b. jiifàr KunKuu ta Abdù.
throw-DN.f-of.f stone.m of.f Abdu
'Abdu's throwing of the stone'
Example #1103:
c. jiifàr KunKuu na Abdù.
throw-DN.f-of.f stone.m of.m Abdu
'the throwing of Abdu's stone'
Example #1104:
d. taayàr kèeken Abdù
tire.f-of.f bike.m-of.m Abdu
'tire of Abdu's bike'
Example #1105:
e. taayàr kèekee ta Abdù
tire.f-of.f bike.m of.f Abdu
'bike-tire of Abdu' (this reading only)
Example #1106:
f. taayàr kèekee na Abdù
tire.f-of.f bike.m of.m Abdu
'tire of Abdu's bike' (this reading only)
Example #1107:
(143) taa sàyi jar mootàa.
3fs.PERF buy-II red-of car
'She bought a red car.'
Example #1108:
(144) a. Indoo taa màa yaaròo jan kaamùu.
Indo 3fs.PERF MA child red-of catch-DN
'Indo gave the boy a firm grasp.'
Example #1109:
b. *yaaròn dà Indoo kèe jar kaamàawaa.
Child-DEF that Indo REL CONT red-of catch-I-VN
*'The boy Indo is firm grasping.'
Example #1110:
(145) a. taa màa kàree jan halbìi.
3ms.PERF IX dog red-of kick
'She gave the dog a violent kick.'
Example #1111:
b. *tanàa jar halbar kàree.
3ms-CONT red-of kick-II-VN-of dog
*'She is violent kicking the dog.'
Example #1112:
(146) a. àlbasàa Danyaa/ Danyar àlbasàa
onion fresh-f/ fresh-f-of onion
'fresh onion (uncooked)'
Example #1113:
b. kaamùu muugùu/ muugùn kaamùu
catch-DN bad-m / bad-m-of catch-DN
'an unsafe handling (of baby)'
Example #1114:
(i) a. Abdù yaa tàfi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF go
'Abdu left.'
Example #1115:
b. Abdù yaa tàfiyàrshi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF go-VN-of-3ms
'Abdu left.'
Example #1116:
c. Abdù yaa tàfiyàa tâi.
Abdu 3ms.PERF go-VN 3fs-3ms
'Abdu left.'
Example #1117:
(ii) a. Abdù yai tàfiyàrshì.
Abdu 3ms.REL PERF-do go-VN-of-3ms
'Then Abdu left.'
Example #1118:
tàfiyàa taasà.
go-VN 3fs-3ms
'Then the man put down (s.th.) and went his way.'
Example #1119:
(iii) a. Aali yaa (*yi) ruugàawarshì
Ali 3ms.PERF (do) run-I-VN-of-3ms
'Ali set off running.'
Example #1120:
b. Aali yaa/ *yai koomàawarshì
Ali 3ms.PERF/ 3ms.PERF-do return-I-VN-of-3ms
'Ali returned.'
Example #1121:
c. Indoo taa (*yi) zamnàawartà.
Indo 3fs.PERF do sit-I-VN-of-3fs
'Indo sat.'
Example #1122:
(i) a. shinàa lugulgùdaawàl lèemuu.
3ms-CONT squash-I-VN-of lemon
'He is squashing the lemon.'
Example #1123:
b. shinàa kaawòowal littaafìi
3ms-CONT bring-I-VN-of book
'He is bringing the book.'