The following interlinear glossed text data was extracted from a document found on the
World Wide Web via a semi-automated process. The data presented here could contain
corruption (degraded or missing characters), so the source document (link below) should
be consulted to ensure accuracy.
If you use any of the data shown here for research purposes,
be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
Green, Melanie Predication, Equation and Information Structure: Evidence from Hausa Copular Sentences
URL: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/melanieg/Cop.pdf
(Last accessed 2005-03-29).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 948&langcode=hau (2021-08-15).
Example #1:
A: Auduæ mahaæucê ne¥ new information focus
Audu butcher FM.m
`Audu is a butcher'
Example #2:
A: A|& a¥, Auduæ mahaæucê ne¥ exhaustive listing focus
no Audu butcher FM.m
`No, Audu is a butcher'
Example #3:
b. Su-wa¥ ne i (ne¥) ti sukaæ taæfi Amì®kaæ wh-fronting
3pl-who FM.pl 3pl.REL.PERF go America
`Who went to America?'
Example #4:
(42) a. Dani (hu) lo mar yosef identity
Dani PRO.3ms not Mr Yosef
`Dani is not Mr Yosef'
Example #5:
b. Dani (*hu) eyno mar yosef
Dani PRO.3ms not. ms Mr Yosef
`Dani is not Mr Yosef'
Example #6:
c. Ani (hu) mar yosef identity
I PRO.3ms Mr Yosef
`I am Mr Yosef'
Example #7:
b. Da] ma Musa daæ Shehuæ aæbo¥kan gaæske ne¥
already Musa and Shehu friends.of truly FM.pl
`Musa and Shehu were already true friends'
Example #8:
b. Auduæ dogo ne¥ predicative
Audu tall.m FM.m
`Audu is tall'
Example #9:
(i) kaya suna¥ cikin mo a¥
goods 3pl.IMPF inside car
`The stuff is in the car'
Example #10:
b. Auduæ ne fialìbê (ba¥ Baæla ba) predicative
Audu FM.m student.m NEG Bala NEG
`Audu is a student' (not Bala)
Example #11:
b. *Îalìbê, Auduæ ne
student.m Audu FM.m
`As for a student, (he) is Audu'
Example #12:
A: Îalìbê ne¥ predicative
student.m FM.m
`(He) is a student'
Example #13:
b. Q: Wa¥ne ne¥ da¥®akta¥ aæ na]n?
who.m FM.m director at here
`Who is director here?'
Example #14:
A: Auduæ ne predicative
Audu FM.m
`Audu is'
Example #15:
b. iaærawoæn Auduæ ne specificational
thief.DD Audu FM.m
`The thief is Audu'
Example #16:
b. Likita¥-n-a muætumìn ca]n ne equative
doctor-of-1s man.of there FM.m
`My doctor is that man over there'
Example #17:
b. Likita¥-n-a ne¥ muætumìn ca]n (ba¥ aæbokê-n-a ba) equative
doctor-of-1s FM.m man.of there NEG friend-of-1s NEG
`My doctor is that man over there' (not my friend)
Example #18:
b. Likita¥-n-a, muætumìn ca]n ne (ba¥ muætumìn na]n ba) equative
doctor-of-1s man.of there FM.m NEG man.DD here NEG
`My doctor, (he) is that man over there' (not this man over here)
Example #19:
b. Likita¥-n-a ne¥ equative
doctor-of-1s FM.m
`(He) is my doctor'
Example #20:
b. Ya]ra suna¥ cikin kaæntê PP complement
children 3pl.IMPF inside.of shop
`The children are inside the shop'
Example #21:
b. Littafìn sao ne¥ AP complement
book.DD new.m FM.m
`The book is new'
Example #22:
(i) halinsaæ ke¥ nan
character.of.3ms FOC.IMPF there
`That's just his character'
Example #23:
b. Kaænde baæ taæ ci aæbinci ba
Kande NEG 2fs.PF eat food NEG
`Kande didn't eat any food'
Example #24:
b. Auduæ ne fialìbê (ba¥ Baæla ba) predicative
Audu FM.m student.m NEG Bala NEG
`Audu is a student' (not Bala)
Example #25:
B: A|&a¥, ita ce¥ predicative
no PRO.3fs FM.f
`No, she is'