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be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
Baker, Mark & Osamuyimen T. Stewart (1999). On Double-Headedness and the Anatomy of the Clause.
URL: http://ling.rutgers.edu/people/faculty/baker/SVCarch-ss.pdf
(Last accessed 2005-02-18).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 1212&langcode=bin (2018-10-23).
Example #1:
(1) Òzó ghá dè ìyán rè.
Ozo FUT buy yam eat
`Ozo will buy yams and eat them.'
Example #2:
(3) a. Òzó ghá gbè èwé khièn ùhùnmwùn érèn. COVERT COORDINATION (CC)
Ozo FUT hit goat sell head its
`Ozo will kill the goat and sell its head.'
Example #3:
b. Òzó ghá gbè èwé khièn. CONSEQUENTIAL SVC (CSVC)
Ozo FUT hit goat sell
`Ozo will kill the goat and sell it.'
Example #4:
c. Òzó ghá gbè èwé wù. RESULTATIVE SVC (RSVC)
Ozo FUT hit goat die
`Ozo will strike the goat dead.'
Example #5:
(5) Òzó ghá dè èmà kpèé (pro).
Ozo FUT buy drum play (it)
`Ozo will buy a drum and play it.'
Example #6:
(8) a. Àmè òré Òzó gié!gié tué yè íkóróbá.
water FOC Ozo quickly pour into bucket
`It's water that Ozo quickly poured into the bucket.'
Example #7:
b. Àmè òré Òzó tùé-rè gié!gié tV yè íkóróbá.
water FOC Ozo pour-RV quickly into bucket
`It's water that Ozo has quickly poured into the bucket.'
Example #8:
(9) Èvbàré òré Òzó lé-(*rè) khién(-*rèn). CSVC
food FOC Ozo cook-RV sell(-RV)
`It's food that Ozo has truly cooked and sold.'
Example #9:
(10) Òzó ghá/ghá!á/má/í gbé!-lé èwé khién!-né ùhùnmwùn íràn.
Ozo FUT/PIMPF/PNEG/NPNEG kill-PL goat sell-PL head their
`Ozo will/used to/didn't/won't kill goats and sell their heads.'
Example #10:
(11) Òzó tòbórè ghá gié!gié lé èvbàré.
Ozo by.self FUT quickly cook food.
`Ozo by himself will quickly cook the food.'
Example #11:
(12) Òzó ghá (gié!gié) tòbórè lé èvbàré.
Ozo FUT quickly by.self cook food
`Ozo will quickly cook the food by himself.'
Example #12:
(13) Òzó miànmián yá tòbórè lé èvbàré.
Ozo forgot to by.self cook food
Ozo forgot to cook the food by himself.
Example #13:
(14) a. Òzó ghá tòbórè lé èvbàré rrí órè.
Ozo FUT by.self cook food eat it
`Ozo will cook the food by himself and eat it.'
Example #14:
b. Òzó lé ízè tòbórè rrì órè.
Ozo cook rice by.self ate it
`Ozo cooked rice and ate it by himself.'
Example #15:
b. (?)Èmió!wó òré Òzó dé -- (*vbé) lé ìyán.
meat FOC Ozo buy and cook yam
`It's meat that Ozo bought and cooked some yams.'
Example #16:
(17) Òzó ghá dè èmió!wó lè.
Ozo will buy meat cook
`Ozo will buy some meat and cook it.'
Example #17:
(18) a. Òzó ghá tòbórè lé èvbàré ré.
Ozo FUT by.self cook food eat
`Ozo will by himself cook the food and eat it.'
Example #18:
b. *Òzó lé èvbàré tòbórè ré.
Ozo cooked food by.self ate
`Ozo cooked some food and by himself ate it.'
Example #19:
(22) Òzó dé né!né èbé tié ègbà nó!kárò.
Ozo buy the book read act that.is.first
`Ozo bought the book (of plays) and read the first act.'
Example #20:
(23) Òzó dé né!né èbé tié.
Ozo buy the book read
`Ozo bought the book and read it.'
Example #21:
(24) a. Òzó ghá giegie (tobore) dunmwun ìyán.
Ozo FUT quickly (by.self) pound yams
`Ozo will quickly pound yams (by himself).'
Example #22:
b. *Òzó gìégìé ghá dunmwun ìyán.
Ozo quickly will pound yams.
`Ozo quickly will pound yams.'
Example #23:
(26) a. Òzó gié!gié gbó!ó ívìn bòló ókà
Ozo quickly plant coconut peel corn
`Ozo quickly planted the coconut and [he] peeled the corn.'
Example #24:
b. Òzó gié!gié gbó!ó ívìn gié!gié bó!ló ókà.
Ozo quickly plant coconut quickly peel corn
`Ozo quickly planted the coconut and [he] quickly peeled the corn.'
Example #25:
(27) a. Òzó gié!gié dún!mwún èmà khién!-né
Ozo quickly pound yam sell-PL
'Ozo quickly pounded the yams and sold them.'
Example #26:
b. *Òzó gié!gié dún!mwún èmà gié!gié khié!n-né
Ozo quickly pound yam quickly sell-PL
'Ozo quickly pounded the yams and sold them.'
Example #27:
(29) a. Òzó suá Úyì dé.
Ozo push Uyi fall.
`Ozo pushed Uyi, causing him to fall.'
Example #28:
b. Ékítà khú áhiánmwèn làdián.
dog chase bird exit
`The dog chased a bird away (causing it to leave).'
Example #29:
(30) a. * Òzó suá Úyì só.
Ozo push Uyi shout
`Ozo pushed Uyi, causing him to shout.'
Example #30:
b. * Ékítà khú áhiánmwèn tín.
Dog chase bird fly
`The dog chased a bird, causing it to fly.'
Example #31:
(33) Úyì sùá èwé lá ùvún.
Uyi push goat enter hole
`Uyi pushed the goat into the hole.'
Example #32:
(34) Ùvún òré Úyì sú!á èwé lá --.
Hole FOC Uyi push goat enter --
`It's a hole that Uyi pushed the goat into.'
Example #33:
(36) a. Ì ghá gié!gié guó!ghó àkhé.
I FUT quickly break pot.
`I will quickly break the pot.'
Example #34:
(39) a. *Úyì gbé Òzó rhé!rhé wú.
Uyi hit Ozo quickly die
`Uyi beat Ozo so that he died quickly.'
Example #35:
(40) a. Òzó lé èvbàré rhé!rhé ré.
Ozo cook food quickly eat
`Ozo cooked the food and quickly ate it.'
Example #36:
b. Òzó vbó òkhókhò ìgàn gié!gié khién.
Ozo pluck chicken feathers quickly sell
`Ozo plucked the chicken of feathers and quickly sold them.'
Example #37:
(44) Òzó dùnmwún èmà khién ègìégìé.
Ozo pound yam.pudding sell quickly.
`Ozo pounded the yam pudding, and sold it quickly.'
Example #38:
(45) a. Òzó tié Úyì rré ègìégìé.
Ozo call Uyi come quickly
(NOT: Ozo called Uyi so that Uyi came quickly.)
Example #39:
b. Òzó hòó ùkpòn fàfá ègìégìé.
Ozo wash dress fade quickly.
(NOT: `Ozo washed the dress such that it faded quickly.')
Example #40:
(47) *Òzó suá àkhé ègìégìé/ vbè òwá dé.
Ozo push pot quickly/ in house fall
`Ozo pushed the pot quickly/in the house down.'
Example #41:
(48) Ù-khién-mwèn òré Òzó khién èbé.
nom-sell-nom FOC Ozo sell book
`It is selling that Ozo did to the book (he didn't give it as a gift).'
Example #42:
b. Ù-lé-mwèn òré Òzó lé èvbàré khién.
nom-cook-nom FOC Ozo cook food sell
`It's cooking that Ozo did to the food and sold it.'
Example #43:
b. ??Ù-fí-mwèn òré ò fí àkhé guó!ghó.
nom-throw-nom FOC he throw pot break
`Its by throwing that he made the pot break (not by striking it).'
Example #44:
(53) Òzó guòghó ékpétìn kié.
Ozo break box open
`Ozo broke the box open.'
Example #45:
(54) a. *Ì wón úkpù ká.
I drink cup dry
`I drank the cup dry.'
Example #46:
b. *Ékítà gbòó Àdésúwà rhió!rré
dog bark Adesuwa wake.up
`The dog barked Adesuwa awake.'
Example #47:
(i) Ò mú né!né èwé (*gié!gié) gbé .
he take the goat (quickly) kill
`He killed the goat.'
Example #48:
(55) a. Ébólù wèrrié (*gié!gié)làdián
ball roll quickly exit
`The ball rolled (*quickly) out.'
Example #49:
b. Òmó dé (*gié!gié)wú.
child fall quickly die
`The child fell and (*quickly) died.'
Example #50:
b. Òtàsówié dé éwùk yó (--) tòbórèk
Otasowie buy dress wear by.self
`Otasowie bought the dress and wore it by itself.'
Example #51:
(58) a. *Òzó kòkó Àdésúwàk mòsé (--) tòbórèk
Ozo raise Adesuwa be.beautiful by.self
`Ozo raised Adesuwa to be beautiful by herself.'
Example #52:
b. *Òzó sùá ògók dé (--) tòbórèk
Ozo push bottle fall -- by.self
`Ozo pushed the bottle down by itself.'
Example #53:
(59) a. Úyì dé tòbórè.
Uyi fall by.self
`Uyi fell by himself.'
Example #54:
b. Àdésúwà mòsé tòbórè.
Adesuwa be.beautiful by.self
`Adesuwa is beautiful by herself.'
Example #55:
(60) Òzó sùá èrhán khérhé dè-lé. RSVC
Ozo push tree few fall-PL
`Ozo pushed a few trees down.'
Example #56:
(61) Òzó dé èbé khéhré tìé. CSVC
Ozo buy book little read
`Ozo bought a few books and read them.'
Example #57:
(63) Ama ato aduani adi [e] i (Saah 1992:234)
Ama has.bought food has.eaten pro
`Ama has bought food and eaten it.'
Example #58:
(65) Kofi frE Yaw ba. (Campbell 1996)
Kofi calls Yaw come
`Kofi calls Yaw to him.'
Example #59:
(66) Èvbó khérhé dé LGB tìé.
People few buy LGB read
`Few people buy LGB (Lectures on Government and Binding) and read it.'
Example #60:
(68) a. Òzó dé èbé tié.
Ozo buy book read
`Ozo bought a book and (then) read it.'
Example #61:
b. *Òzó tié èbé dé.
Ozo read book buy
`Ozo read a book and (then) bought it.'
Example #62:
(71) a. Òzó rhié ùkpòni yè ékpétìn khién proi. PP in VP1
Ozo put cloth into box sell pro
`Ozo put some cloth into a box and sold it (the cloth).'
Example #63:
b. Òzó dé àkhéI rhié proI yè ékpétìn. PP in VP2
Ozo buy pot put pro into box
`Ozo bought a pot and put it in the box.'
Example #64:
c. Òzó vbò-ló òkhókhò ìgàni khién proi. IO in VP1
Ozo pluck-PLchicken feathers sell pro.
`Ozo plucked the chicken of feathers and sold them.'
Example #65:
d. Òzó mién íghói (gié!gié) hàé Úyì proi. IO in VP2
Ozo find money (quickly) pay Uyi pro.
`Ozo found some money and (quickly) payed Uyi it.'
Example #66:
e. Òzó vbó òkhókhò ìgàni rhié proi nè Úyì. IO in VP1, PP in VP2
Ozo pluck chicken feather give pro to Uyi.
Ozo plucked the chicken of its feathers and gave them to Uyi.'
Example #67:
b. Ékpétìn òré Òzó dé àkhéi rhié proi yì --
box FOC Ozo buy pot put pro into --
`It's a box that Ozo bought a pot and put it in.'
Example #68:
(73) a. *Òzó vbò-ló òkhókhòi ìgàn khién proi. Goal bad as antecedent
Ozo pluck-PLchicken feathers sell pro.
`Ozo plucked the chicken of feathers and sold it.'
Example #69:
b. *Òzó mién Úyìi hàé proi íghó. Goal bad as pronominal.
Ozo find Uyi pay pro money.
`Ozo found Uyi and paid him money.'
Example #70:
(74) a. * Òzó yá [èmá!tóni pèrhé] khién proi. ECMed subject bad as antecedent.
Ozo make metal be.flat sell pro.
`Ozo made some metal flat and sold it.'
Example #71:
b. * Òzó dé èmá!tóni yá [proi pèrhé]. ECMed subject bad as pronominal.
Ozo buy metal make pro be.flat.
`Ozo bought some metal and made it flat.'
Example #72:
(75) a. * Ékítà (gié!gié) gbòó khú áhiánmwèn.
dog (quickly) bark chase bird.
`The dog (quickly) barked and chased a bird.'
Example #73:
b. *Ékítà khú áhiánmwèn gbòó.
Dog chase bird bark
`The dog chased a bird and barked.'
Example #74:
(i) ... *Òzó gié!gié rhú!lé sá!án.
... Ozo quickly run jump
`(To win the atheletic contest), Ozo quickly ran and jumped.'
Example #75:
(ii) ... *áhiánmwèn gié!gié tín só.
... bird quickly fly shout
`(To protect her babies,) the bird quickly flew and shouted.'
Example #76:
(76) Ètísà ghà dè èbéi, ì ghá tiè proi.
Teacher COND buy book, I FUT read pro.
`If the teacher buys a book, I will read it.'
Example #77:
(79) a. Òzó màá Úyì èbé nà.
Ozo show Uyi book this
`Ozo showed Uyi this book.'
Example #78:
b. Òzó hàé Òtà íghó.
Ozo pay Ota money
`Ozo paid Ota money.'
Example #79:
b. Òzó guòghó Úyì èmá!tón
Ozo break Uyi metal
`Ozo broke Uyi's metal on him.'
Example #80:
(83) a. *Òzó rhié Àdésúwà èbé màá.
Ozo take Adesuwa book show
`Ozo showed Adesuwa a (her) book.'
Example #81:
b. *Òzó gbé Úyì èmá!tón guòghó.
Ozo hit Uyi metal break.
`Ozo beat Uyi's metal to pieces.'
Example #82:
(84) a. Òzó hàé íghó nè Úyì goal PP
Ozo pay money to Uyi
`Ozo paid some money to Uyi.'
Example #83:
b. Òzó suá èbé yè ékpétìn goal PP
Ozo push book into box
`Ozo pushed a book into the box.'
Example #84:
c. Òzó gié Àdésúwà òwá. bare locative NP
Ozo send Adesuwa house
`Ozo sent Adesuwa home.'
Example #85:
d. Òzó guòghó àkhé gièghègièghè resultative AP
Ozo break pot small-pieced
`Ozo broke the pot into little pieces.'
Example #86:
e. Òzó fí àkhé fuá. particle.
Ozo throw pot away
`Ozo threw a pot away.'
Example #87:
(89) a. Òzó rhié (*Úyì) ébólù yè òtíkù *IO+goal PP
Ozo put Uyi ball into trash
`Ozo put (Uyi's) ball in the trash (*on him).'
Example #88:
b. Òzó gié (*Àdésúwà) òmó Èdó. *IO+loc. NP
Ozo send Adesuwa child (to)Benin
`Ozo sent (Adesuwa's) child to Benin City (*on her).'
Example #89:
c. Òzó kòkó (*Àdésúwà) òmó mòsèmòsè *IO+resultative AP
Ozo raise Adesuwa child beautiful
`Ozo raised (Adesuwa's) child to be beautiful (*for her).'
Example #90:
d. Òzó fí (*Úyì) ébólù fuá *IO+particle
Ozo throw Uyi ball away
`Ozo threw (Uyi's) ball away (*on him).'
Example #91:
(91) Òzó kòkó òmó mòsèmòsè/ mòsé.
Ozo raise child beautiful(A)/ be.beautiful(V)
`Ozo raised the child (to be) beautiful.'
Example #92:
b. * Òzó fí àkhé fuá guòghó. *Prt + V2
Ozo throw pot away break
`Ozo threw the pot away so that it broke.'
Example #93:
c. # Òzó gié Àdésúwà èkì kpàá *Loc NP + V2
Ozo send Adesuwa (to)market leave
`Ozo sent Adesuwa to the market away.'
Example #94:
d. * Òzó gbé èmá!tón pèrhè guòghó. *Resultative AP + V2
Ozo beat metal flat break
`Ozo beat the metal flat to pieces.'
Example #95:
(95) * Òzó gbé Úyì èmá!tón guòghó.
Ozo beat Uyi metal break
`Ozo beat the metal flat on/for Uyi.'