The following interlinear glossed text data was extracted from a document found on the
World Wide Web via a semi-automated process. The data presented here could contain
corruption (degraded or missing characters), so the source document (link below) should
be consulted to ensure accuracy.
If you use any of the data shown here for research purposes,
be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
Spencer, Andrew & Ryo Otoguro (2005). Limits to case - a critical survey of the notion.
URL: http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~spena/papers/spencer_otoguro.pdf
(Last accessed 2005-12-21).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 1539&langcode=jpn (2021-09-30).
Example #1:
(9) a. [Taroo to Hanako] ga kita
Taroo AND Hanako NOM came
`Taroo and Hanako came'
Example #2:
(10) Gaizin ga kita n dattte
foreigner NOM come I heard
`I heard that foreigners had come'
Example #3:
(11) a. Gaizin Ø kita n dattte
foreigner come I heard
`I heard that foreigners had come'
Example #4:
b. Gaizin wa kita n dattte
foreigner TOP come I heard
`I heard that foreigners had come'
Example #5:
c. Gaizin mo kita n dattte
foreigner EMPH come I heard
`I heard that foreigners had come'
Example #6:
d. Gaizin sae kita n dattte
foreigner EVEN come I heard
`I heard that only foreigners had come'
Example #7:
e. Gaizin dake kita n dattte
foreigner ONLY come I heard
`I heard that only foreigners had come'
Example #8:
(12) a. Gaizin sae ga kita n datte
foreigner EVEN NOM come I heard
`I heard that only foreigners had come'
Example #9:
b. Gaizin dake ga kita n dattte
foreigner ONLY NOM come I heard
`I heard that only foreigners had come'
Example #10:
b. Hanako ga zizyoden Ø kaita n datte
Hanako NOM autobiography wrote I heard
`I heard that Hanako had written her autobiography'
Example #11:
kaita n datte
wrote I heard
`I heard that Hanako had written her autobiography (even, only, ...)'
Example #12:
b. Hanako ga zizyoden dake/made o kaita n datte
Hanako NOM autobiography ONLY/EVEN ACC wrote I heard
`I heard that Hanako had written her autobiography (even, only, ...)'
Example #13:
(15) a. Hanako ga zizyoden o mo kaita n datte
Hanako NOM autobiography ACC EMPH wrote I heard
`I heard that Hanako had written her autobiography'
Example #14:
(17) a. Hanako ga Huzisan ni nobotta
Hanako NOM Mt Fuji GOAL climb
`Hanako climbed Mt. Fuji'
Example #15:
b. Hanako ga Pari ni itta
Hanako NOM Paris ALLAT went
`Hanako went to Paris'
Example #16:
c. Taroo wa Nagasaki ni sunda koto ga aru
Taroo TOP Nagasaki LOC live nominal
`Taroo lived in Nagasaki'
Example #17:
(18) a. Hanako ga Huzisan nado ni nobotta
Hanako NOM Mt. Fuji and so on GOAL climbed
`Hanako climbed Mt. Fuji and other mountains'
Example #18:
b. Taroo wa Nagasaki dake ni sunde ita
Taroo TOP Nagasaki ONLY LOC lived
`Taroo only lived in Nagasaki'
Example #19:
c. Hanako ga Pari dake ni itta
Hanako NOM Paris ONLY ALLAT went
`Hanako only went to Paris'
Example #20:
(20) haha kara no tegami
mum KARA GEN letter
`a letter from Mum'
Example #21:
(22) *Yamada sensei-ga okusan-ga owakai
Yamada teacher-NOM wife-NOM young.SUBJ. HON
intended: `It is Professor Yamada whose wife is young'
Example #22:
wakai
young
wives are young'