The following interlinear glossed text data was extracted from a document found on the
World Wide Web via a semi-automated process. The data presented here could contain
corruption (degraded or missing characters), so the source document (link below) should
be consulted to ensure accuracy.
If you use any of the data shown here for research purposes,
be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
Liina Pylkkänen (2003). Applicatives.
(Last accessed 2009-07-23).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 1716&langcode=jpn (2018-10-22).
Example #1:
a. Taroo-ga Ziroo-o hihansita.
Taro-Nom Jiro-Acc criticized
`Taro criticized Jiro.'
Example #2:
b. Ziroo-ga Taroo-ni / -niyotte hihans-are-ta.
Jiro-Nom Taro-by criticize-PASS-PAST
`Jiro was criticized by Taro.'
Example #3:
Taroo-ga ame-ni /*-niyotte fur-are-ta.
Taro-Nom rain-Dat fall-PASS-PAST
`Taro was rained on.'
Example #4:
Taroo-ga doroboo-ni / -niyotte heya-o aras-are-ta.
Taro-Nom thief-Dat/by room-Acc destroy-PASS-PAST
`Taro's room got destroyed on him by the thief.'
Example #5:
* Iwa-ga ame-ni fur-are-ta.
rock-Nom rain-Dat fall-PASS-PAST
`The rock was rained on.'
Example #6:
Sono daishuzyutu-ga (Yamada-isi-niyotte) sittoo-o kaisis-are-ta.
that big.operation-Nom (Dr. Yamada-by) performance-Acc begin-PASS
`That big operation had Dr. yamada start its performance.'
Example #7:
(21) a. Taroo-ga sushi-o tabeta.
Taro-Nom sushi-Acc ate
`Taro ate sushi.'
Example #8:
b. [VP sushi-o tabe]-sae Tagroo-ga ___ sita.
[VP sushi-Acc ate ]-even Taro-Nom ___ did
`Even eat sushi, Taro did.'
Example #9:
c.* [VP tabe]-sae Taroo-ga sushi-o sita. (cannot strand the object of V)
[VP ate ]-even Taro-Nom sushi-Acc did
`Even eat sushi, Taro did.'
Example #10:
a. Taroo-ga doroboo-ni heya-o aras-are-ta.
Taro-Nom thief-by room-Acc destroy-PASS-PAST
`Taro had the thief destroy his room.'
Example #11:
b. [VP doroboo-ni heya-o aras-are]-sae Taroo-ga ____ sita.
[VP thief-by room-Acc destroy-PASS]-evenTaro-Nom ___ did
`Even have his room be destroyed by the thief, Taro did.'
Example #12:
a. Taroo-ga Hanako-ni koukou-o yame-rare-ta.
Taro-Nom Hanako-Dat high.school-Acc drop.out-PASS-PAST
`Taro got Hanako dropping out of high school.'
Example #13:
b. [VP Hanako-ni koukou-o yame-rare]-sae Taroo-ga ____ sita.
[VP Hanako-Dat high.school-Acc drop.out-PASS]-even Taro-Nom ____ did
`Even have Hanako drop out of high school, Taro did.
Example #14:
c. [VP Hanako-ni koukou-o yame]-sae Taroo-ga ____ s-are-ta.
[VP Hanako-Dat high.school-Acc drop.out]-even Taro-Nom ____ do-PASS
`Even Hanako drop out of high school, Taro did have.'
Example #15:
Hanako-ga suugaku-no-sensei-ni sikar-/homer- are-ta.
Hanako-Nom math-Gen-teacher-by scold/praise - PASS
`Hanako was scolded/praised by the math teacher.'
Example #16:
Nagasaki-sityoo-ga bakudan/hoosyoozyoo-o okur-are-ta.
Nagasaki-mayor-Nom bomb/testimonial-Acc send-PASS-PAST
`The mayor of Nagasaki was sent a bomb/testimonial.'
Example #17:
* Tiimu-ga koochi-ni nak-are-ta.
team-Nom coach-by cry-PASS
`The team was cried on by its coach.'
Example #18:
Taroo-ga koochi-ni nak-are-ta.
Taro-Nom coach-Dat cry-PASS
`Taro was cried on by the coach.'
Example #19:
(27) Gakuseii -ga Tanaka-sensei-niyotte t i futa-ri ronbun-o hihans-are-ta.
studentsi -Nom Prof. Tanaka-by t i 2-CL article-Acc criticize-PASS
`Two students's articles were criticized by Prof. Tanaka.'