The following interlinear glossed text data was extracted from a document found on the
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If you use any of the data shown here for research purposes,
be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
SACHIKO AOSHIMA (2001). Mono-clausality in Japanese Obligatory Control Constructions.
URL: http://academic2.american.edu/~aoshima/papers/895-F2.pdf
(Last accessed 2009-07-23).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 2446&langcode=jpn (2021-09-30).
Example #1:
e.g. John1 - ga [[PRO 1 sono ronbun- o yomi] wasureta].
John- Nom the paper-Acc read forgot
`John forgot to read the paper.'
Example #2:
e.g. John1 - wa [[PRO 1 sono ronbun- o yon] de] mita.
John-Nom the paper-Acc read to tried
`John tried to read the paper.'
Example #3:
(i) ani1 -ga [[PRO1 zitensya-o naosi] te] kureta/ageta.
My brother-Nom bike-Acc fix to gave
`My brother fix the bike for me/my friend.'
Example #4:
(ii) John-g a Mary 1 -ni [[PRO1 sono hon -o yon] de] moratta.
John -Nom Mary-Dat that book -Acc read to received
`John got Mary to read that book.'
Example #5:
e.g. John- ga Mary1 - ni [[PRO 1 sono ronbun- o yomu] yooni] itta.
John-Nom Mary-Dat the paper-Acc read to told
`John told Mary to read the paper.'
Example #6:
kokoromita.
tried
`John tried that he would read the paper.'
Example #7:
e.g. John1 - ga [[PRO 1 ronbun- o kaku] koto- o] kokoromita.
John-Nom paper-Acc write fact -Acc tried
`John tried that he wrote a paper.'
Example #8:
b. John1 - ga [[PRO 1 sono ronbun- o yon] de] mita.
John-Nom that paper-Acc read to tried
`John tried to read that paper.'
Example #9:
(i) John-wa Mary -ni ki te hosikatta koto wa hosikatta.
John -Top Mary-Dat come to wanted thing-Foc wanted
'John did want Mary to come.'
Example #10:
d. John- ga Mary1 - ni [[PRO 1 sono ronbun- o yomu] yooni] itta.
John-Nom Mary-Dat that paper-Acc read to told
`John told Mary to read that paper.'
Example #11:
(7) a. John1 - ga [PRO 1 zibunzisin1/*2- o home- ]sobireta.
John-Nom himself -Acc praise-failed
'John failed to praise himself.'
Example #12:
b. John1 - ga [[PRO 1 zibunzisin1/*2- o home] te] mita.
John-Nom himself -Acc praise to tried
`John tried to praise himself.'
Example #13:
yooni] tanonda.
to asked
'John asked Mary to praise himself/herself.'
Example #14:
to] omotta.
Comp thought
'Bill thought that John failed to praise himself.'
Example #15:
to] omotta.
Comp thought
`Bill thought that John tried to praise himself.'
Example #16:
homeru] yooni] itta koto- o] sitteiru.
praise to told that -Acc knew
'Bill knew that John told Mary to evaluate himself/herself.'
Example #17:
(9) a. [Mary1 - no hahaoya]2 - ga [PRO 2 zibunzisin*1/2 - o home- ] sobireta.
Mary-Gen mother-Nom herself -Acc praise-failed
'Mary's mother failed to praise herself.'
Example #18:
b. [Mary1 - no hahaoya]2 - ga [[PRO 2 zibunzisin*1/2 - o home] te] mita.
[Mary-Gen mother] -Nom herself -Acc praise to tried
'Mary's mother tried to praise herself.'
Example #19:
homeru] yooni] itta.
praise to told
'Mary's mother told John to praise him/herself.'
Example #20:
(10) a. John1 - ga [PRO 1 kaeri- ] kaneta node, Bill- mo soo sita.
John-Nom leave hesitated so that Bill-also so did
'John hesitated to leave , and Bill did too.' = Bill hesitated to leave .
Example #21:
Bill- mo soo sita.
Bill-also so did
`John tried to praise himself and Bill did too.'
Example #22:
Bill- mo soo sita.
Bill-also so did.
'John told Mary to praise him and Bill did, too.'
Example #23:
moratta.
received
`John got Mary to evaluate each other.'
Example #24:
(12) a. Mary1 - ga [PRO 1 zibun- no syasin- o erabi- ]kaneta.
Mary-Nom self -Gen picture -Acc choose-hesitated
'Mary hesitated to choose her picture.'
Example #25:
b. Mary1 - ga [[PRO 1 zibun- no syasin- o eran] de] mita.
Mary-Nom self -Gen picture -Acc choose to tried
'Mary tried to choose her picture.'
Example #26:
yooni] settokusita.
to persuaded
'John persuaded Mary to choose her picture.'
Example #27:
(13) a. John1 - dake- ga [PRO 1 sono ronbun- o yomi- ] sobireta
John-only- Nom the paper-Acc read failed
`Only John failed to read the paper.'
Example #28:
b. John1 - dake- ga [[PRO 1 sono ronbun- o yon] de] mita.
John-only- Nom that paper-Acc read to tried
`Only John tried to read that paper.'
Example #29:
yooni] itta.
to told
'John told only Mary to read that paper.'
Example #30:
kokoromita.
tried
`John tried to read the paper.'
Example #31:
to] tanonda.
Comp asked
`John asked Mary to read that paper.'
Example #32:
b. John- ga Mary1 - ni [[PRO 1 ronbun- o kaku] koto- o] tanonda.
John-Nom Mary-Dat paper-Acc write fact -Acc asked
`John asked Mary to write a paper.'
Example #33:
to sinzir- areteiru.
Comp believ e-Pass
'It is believed that evaluating oneself is bold.'
Example #34:
to sinzir- areteiru.
Comp believe-Pass
'It is believed that evaluating oneself is important.'
Example #35:
da] to] sinzirareteiru] koto- o sitteita.
Copula Comp believe-Pass fact -Acc knew.
'John knew that it is believed that evaluating himself is bold.'
Example #36:
da] to] sinzirareteiru] koto- o sitteita.
Copula Comp believe-Pass fact -Acc knew.
important.'
Example #37:
to]- wa daitan da] to] omotta.
Comp-Top bold Copula Comp thought
'Mary's teacher thought that evaluating that paper was bold.'
Example #38:
koto]- ga taisetu da] to] omotta.
fact -Acc important Copula Comp thought
important.'
Example #39:
node Bill- mo soo sita.
so that Bill-Nom so did
(Lit.) 'John tried to evaluate himself, and Bill did, too.'
Example #40:
node Bill- mo soo sita.
so that Bill-Nom so did
(Lit.) 'John tried to evaluate himself, and Bill did, too.'
Example #41:
to]- wa daitan da to] itta.
fact -Nom bold Copula that told
'John told Mary that choosing her picture was bold.'
Example #42:
koto- ga] taisetu da to] itta.
fact -Nom important Copula that told
'John told Mary that choosing her picture was important.'
Example #43:
muri da] to] itta.
impossible Copula Comp told
`John told only Mary that beating him is impossible.'
Example #44:
muri da] to] itta.
impossible Copula Comp told
`John told only Mary that beating him is impossible.'
Example #45:
(23) John1 - wa [[ Bill2 - ga Mary3 - ni zibunzisin* - o subete sasageta] to] omotta
John-Top Bill-Nom Mary- Dat himself -Acc all devote that thought
`John thought that Bill devoted all of himself to Mary.'
Example #46:
(i) John1 -wa [[Bill2 -ga zibunzisin ? * 1/2 -o hihansita] to ] o motta.
John -Top Bill-Nom himself-Acc criticized that thought
`John thought that Bill criticized himself.'
Example #47:
(25) John1 - ga Mary2 - ni [[PRO 2 zibunzisin1/2 - o hinansi] te] moratta.
John-Nom Mary-Dat himself/herself -Acc criticize to received
`John had Mary criticize himself/herself.'
Example #48:
(26) John1 - ga Mary2 - ni [[PRO 2 zibunzisin1/2 - o hinansuru] yooni] tanonda.
John-Nom Mary-Dat himself/herself -Acc criticize to asked
`John asked Mary to criticize himself/herself.'
Example #49:
(27) Senseetati1 - ga gakuseetati2 - ni [[PRO 2 otagai1/2 - o syookaisi] te] moratta.
Teachers-Nom students-Dat each other-Acc introduce to received
`The teachers had the students introduce each other.'
Example #50:
(28) Senseetati1 - ga gakuseetati2 - ni [[PRO 2 otagai1/2 - o syookaisuru] yooni] itta.
Teachers-Nom students-Dat each other-Acc introduce to told
`The teachers told the students to introduce each other.'
Example #51:
(i) John1 -ga iinkai2 -ni [[PRO2 zibunzisin 1 -o hinansi] te] moratta.
John -Nom committee-Dat himself-Acc criticize to received
`John had the committee criticize himself.'
Example #52:
(ii) John1 -ga iinkai2 -ni [[PRO2 zibunzisin 1 -o hinansuru] yooni] tanonda.
John -Nom committee-Dat himself-Acc criticize to asked
`John asked the committee to criticize himself.'
Example #53:
(29) a. *Boku- wa [John- ga nanimo taberu to] omowa- na- katta.
I-Top John-Nom nothing eat Comp think -Neg-Past
'I did not think that John ate anything.'
Example #54:
(31) a. John- wa [PRO nanimo nomi]- tuke- na- katta.
John-Top nothing drink -used to-Neg-past
'John was not used to drinking anything.'
Example #55:
b. John- wa [[PRO nanimo nom] de] mi- na- katta.
John-Top nothing drink to try-Neg-Past
`John did not try to drink anything.'
Example #56:
(i) John-ga sono hon -o yon -de naita.
John -Nom that book -Acc read-Part cried
'John read that book and cried.'
Example #57:
(33) *John- wa Mary- ni [[PRO nanimo nomu] yooni] iwa- na- katta.
John-Top Mary-Dat nothing drink to tell-Neg-Past
`John told Mary to drink nothing.'
Example #58:
(35) a. John- wa Bill- ni [doo sono syoo- o zitai- suru yooni] itta no?
John-Top Bill-Dat how that prize-Acc turn down to told Q
'Howi did John tell Bill [to turn down that prize ti]?'
Example #59:
b. *John- wa Bill- ni [naze sono syoo- o zitai- suru yooni] itta no?
John-Top Bill-Dat why that prize-Acc turn down to told Q
'Whyi did John tell Bill [to turn down that prize ti]?'
Example #60:
(36) a. John- ga [PRO naze Mary- ni tegami- o kaki- ] wasureta no?
John-Nom why Mary-Dat letter-Acc write forgot Q
Why did John forget to write the letter?'
Example #61:
b. *John- wa Mary- no koto- ga kininatta kara.
John-Top Mary-Gen thing-Nom worried because
'Because John worried about Mary.'
Example #62:
c. John- wa betuno yooji- ga atta kara.
John-Top another business-Nom had because
'Because John had another thing to do.'
Example #63:
(37) *John- ga [[PRO naze sono sakana - o tabe] te] mita no.
John-Nom why the fish-Acc eat to tried Q
'Why1 did John try [to eat the fish t1 ]?'
Example #64:
(38) Mary- ga nihongo- o/ga umaku hanas- eru.
Mary-Nom Japanese-Acc/Nom well speak -can
'Mary can speak Japanese well.'
Example #65:
(i) *Kyonen John-ga [PRO sono ronbun-o gonen mae-ni kaki] naosita
last year John-Nom the paper-Acc five years ago write fixed
'(lit.) Last year John rewrote the paper that he wrote five years ago.'
Example #66:
(i) John1 -ga Mary 2 -ni [pro 2 zibunzisin 1/2 -o home -ro to] meijita.
John -Nom Mary-Dat oneself-Acc praise-ImpMd Comp ordered
'John ordered Mary that pro praise him/herself.'
Example #67:
(iii) *John-ga [pro naze Mary -o home -yoo to] kokoromita no.
John -Nom why Mary-Acc praise-IntMd Comp tried Q
'Why did John try that pro would praise Mary t.'
Example #68:
(iv) John1 -ga Mary 2 -ni [Bill3 -ga zibunzisin 1 /3 -o home -ro to] meijita.
John -Nom Mary-Dat Bill-Nom oneself-Acc praise-ImpMd Comp ordered
'John ordered Mary that Bill should praise him/herself.'
Example #69:
(v ) * John-ga [Mary -ga Bill-o home -yoo to] kokoromita.
John -Nom Mary-Nom Bill-Acc praise-IntMd Comp tried
'John tried that Mary would praise Bill.'
Example #70:
(42) Hon- o takusan yom- u yooni *(to).
Book -Acc many read-nonpast modal-aux Comp
'You should read many books.' (Uchibori 1996:
Example #71:
meiji/motome/susume -ta.
order/require/urge-past
'The principal ordered/required/urged the teachers to prise the students.'
Example #72:
(43) a. John- wa itumo gakko- de ranti- o tabe- ru.
John-Top usually school-at lunch-Acc eat -Nonpast
'John usually eats lunch at school.'
Example #73:
b. John- wa gakko- de kinoo ranti- o tabe- ta.
John-Top school-at yesterday lunch-Acc eat -Past
'John ate lunch at school yesterday.'
Example #74:
d. John- wa moo ranti- o tabe- ta.
John-Top already lunch-Acc eat -Perfect
'John has already eaten lunch.'
Example #75:
(47) John- ga Maryi- ni [[PRO i sono ringo- o tabe- u/*ta] yooni] itta.
John-Nom Mary-Dat that apple-Acc eat -Imperfect/Perfect to told
`John told Mary to eat/*have eaten that apple.'
Example #76:
(50) John- ga Mary- ni [PRO mainiti gakko- de ranti- o taberu yooni] itta.
John-Nom Mary-Dat every day school-at lunch-Acc eat to told
'John told Mary to eat lunch at school every day.'
Example #77:
yooni] itta.
to told
'John told Mary to praise himself/herself.'
Example #78:
(57) a. *John- wa Bill- ni [naze sono syoo- o zitai- suru yooni] itta no?
John-Top Bill-Dat why that prize-Acc turn down to told Q
'Whyi did John tell Bill [to turn down that prize ti]?'
Example #79:
[VP soo si]- kaneta.
so do-hesitated
'John hesitated to eat that apple, and Bill hesitated to do so.'
Example #80:
[VP soo si- te] mita.
so do-to tried
`John tried to eat that apple, and Bill also tried to.'
Example #81:
Bill- mo [VP soo suru yooni] itta.
Bill-also so do to told
(Lit.)'John told Mary to eat that apple and Bill told her to do so, too.'
Example #82:
(64) Emi- ga [VP ringo- ga tabe] - rare- ru.
Emi-Nom apple-Nom eat -can-pres
`Emi can eat apples.' (Wurmbrand 1998: 135)
Example #83:
(68) a. *sono zitensya- ga naosi te mi- rare- ta.
the bike-Nom repair to try-passive-past
'*The bike was tried to repair.'
Example #84:
to] itta] (koto).
that said fact
'Each other's teachers said that Mary criticized them.'
Example #85:
to] itta] (koto).
that said fact
'Them, each other's teachers said that Mary criticized'
Example #86:
homeru yooni tanonda]] (koto).
praise to asked fact
'John asked each other's teachers to praise them.'
Example #87:
homeru yooni tanonda]]]] (koto).
praise to asked fact
'Them, John asked each other's teachers to praise.'
Example #88:
homeru yooni tanonda]]]] (koto).
praise to asked fact
'Them, John asked each other's teachers to praise.'
Example #89:
syookais ita]] (koto).
introduced fact
'John introduced them to each other's teachers.'
Example #90:
syookaisita]]] (koto).
introduced fact
'Them, John introduced to each other's teachers.'
Example #91:
syookaisita]]] (koto).
introduced fact
'Them, John introduced to each other's teachers.'
Example #92:
tanonda]]] (koto).
asked fact
'Himself/herself, John asked Mary to praise.'
Example #93:
tanonda]]] (koto).
asked fact
''Himself/herself, John asked Mary to praise.'
Example #94:
(80) a. John- ga Billi- o Maryj- ni [tj ti homeru] yooni itta (koto).
John-Nom Bill-Acc Mary-Dat praise to told fact
'Billi, John told Mary to praise ti.'
Example #95:
b. Billi- o John- ga Maryj- ni [tj ti homeru] yooni itta (koto).
Bill-Acc John-Nom Mary-Dat praise to told fact
'Billi, John told Mary to praise ti.'
Example #96:
homeru yooni tanonda]]]] (koto).
praise to asked fact
'Them, John asked each other's teachers to praise.'
Example #97:
homeru yooni tanonda]]]] (koto).
praise to asked fact
'Them, John asked each other's teachers to praise.'
Example #98:
tanonda]]]] (koto).
asked fact
'Himself/herself, John asked Mary to praise.'
Example #99:
tanonda]]]] (koto).
asked fact
''Himself/herself, John asked Mary to praise.'
Example #100:
(90) Homeru yooni itta no- wa [John- ga Mary- ni zibunzisin- o] da.
praize to told NL-Top John-Nom Mary-Dat self -Acc Copula
(Lit) 'It's [John, Mary, him/herself] that told to praise.'
Example #101:
(i) Ageta no -wa [Mary -ga John-ni ringo-o 3-tu] da.
gave NL-Top Mary-Nom John-Dat apple-Acc 3 -CL be
Lit. 'It's [Mary three apples to John] that gave.'
Example #102:
John-ga Bill-ni ringo-o mittu da.
John -Nom Bill-Dat apples-Acc three-cl Copula.
(lit.) 'It's John, Bill, three apples that wisely ordered to buy before he went
Example #103:
(91) *John- ga zibuzisini- o Mary- ni [CP Tomi- ga ti hometa to] itta (koto).
John-Nom himself -Acc Mary-Dat Tom-Nom praised that told fact
(Lit) 'Himselfi, John told Mary that Tomi praised ti.'
Example #104:
Tomi- ga zibuzisini- o da.
Tom-Nom himself -Acc Copura
(Lit) 'It's Tomi himselfi that John told Mary that he praised.'
Example #105:
to] nenjita.
Comp prayed
'John prayed that Mary could speak Japanese much better.'
Example #106:
yooni/home- ro/- tekure to] inotta (koto)
modal aux/praise-subj Comp prayed fact
'Himself, John prayed that Mary would praise.'
Example #107:
ti suisensuru yooni/suisensi- ro/- tekure to] inotta (koto).
recommend modal aux/recommend-subj Comp prayed fact
`Them, each other's teachers prayed that the principal would
Example #108:
yooni/home- ro/- tekure to] inotta (koto).
modal aux/praise-subj Comp prayed fact
'Himself, John prayed that Mary would praise.'
Example #109:
[Mary- ga zibunzisin- o] da.
Mary-Nom him/herself -Acc Copula
Lit. 'It's [Mary, him/herself] that John prayed to praise.'
Example #110:
[John-ga Mary -ga zibunzisin -o ] da.
John -Nom Mary-Nom him/herself-Acc Copula
Lit. 'It's [Mary would praise Bill] that John prayed.'