The following interlinear glossed text data was extracted from a document found on the
World Wide Web via a semi-automated process. The data presented here could contain
corruption (degraded or missing characters), so the source document (link below) should
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If you use any of the data shown here for research purposes,
be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
RUMIKO SHINZATO (2002). Cognition, epistemic scale, and functions of the Old Japanese question particle ka1.
URL: https://www.degruyter.de/journals/linguistics/2002/pdf/40_553.pdf
(Last accessed 2009-07-23).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 2585&langcode=jpn (2021-09-30).
Example #1:
( 21 ) A: Boku, huyu no LSA ni iku koto ni shita yo.
I winter poss to go on decided PTCLE
`I'm going to the Winter LSA.'
Example #2:
B: Kimi ga iku no nara, boku mo iku yo.
you SUBJ go that if I too go PTCLE
`If you are going, I'm going, too.'
Example #3:
boku mo iku yo.
I too go PTCL
`I'm going to LSA {*if / because} Mr. Takeda is going.'
Example #4:
Ittai, dokomade sodatsu daroo?
in the world how much grow BE
`How much could they grow?'
Example #5:
``Naruhodo, sooyuu koto datta no ka'
I see so fact BE-PAST NOM Q
`I see, so that's how it was.'
Example #6:
``=== Are wa, dare ga mitemo jisatsu ja-nai desu ka.'
that T anyone S see suicide BE-NEG BE Q
`That is a suicide to anyone's eyes, isn't it'?'
Example #7:
``=== Yuruse-nai. Yurusu mon desu ka. ==='
forgive-NEG forgive thing BE Q
`I cannot forgive. I can never forgive her.'
Example #8:
( 33 ) a. Ashita, hareru ka na.
tomorrow rain Q ITP
`I wonder if it will be fine tomorrow.'
Example #9:
b. Ashita, hare-nai ka na.
tomorrow clear-not Q ITP
`I wish it would be fine.'
Example #10:
( 35 ) T ga yuushoo shi-nai ka naa
S win do-not Q ITP
`I wish / hope T will win!'
Example #11:
( 36 ) a. Kare wa yakusoku wo yabut-ta n daroo ka
he T promise O break-Past Nom. Inf. Q
`( I ) wonder if he broke the promise.'
Example #12:
b. Kare wa dooshite yakusoku wo yabut-ta n daroo ka.
he T why promise O break-Past Nom. Inf. Q
`( I ) wonder why it is that he broke the promise.'
Example #13:
c. Watashi wa dooshite yakusoku wo yabut-ta n daroo ka.
I T why promise O break-Past Nom. Inf. Q
`( I ) wonder why it is that I broke the promise.'
Example #14:
(i) .... ka to utagahu
KP QP doubt
`doubt if . . .'
Example #15:
( ii) .... ya to tohu
KP QP ask
`ask if . . .'