a. Max-ga Pat-ni nagu-rare-ta.
    Max-Nom Pat-Dat hit-Pass-Past
    `Max was hit by Pat.'

    a. Maxi -ga Pat-ni (zibuni -no) musuko-o nagu-rare-ta.
    Max-Nom Pat-Dat self-Gen son-Acc hit-Pass-Past
    `Max had his son hit by Pat.'

    Max-ga Pat-ni John-o nagu-rare-ta.
    Max-Nom Pat-Dat John-Acc hit-Pass-Past
    `Pat hit John on Max.'

    (4)   a. Maxi -ga Pat-ni {zibuni -o/?i } nagur-ase-ta.
    Max-Nom Pat-Dat self-acc        hit-Caus-Past
    `Maxi made Pat hit himi .'

    b. Maxi -ga Pat-ni (zibuni -no) musuko-o nagur-ase-ta.
    Max-Nom Pat-Dat self-Gen son-Acc hit-Caus-Past
    `Maxi made Pat hit hisi son.'

    c. Max-ga Pat-ni John-o nagur-ase-ta.
    Max-Nom Pat-Dat John-Acc hit-Caus-Past
    `Max made Pat hit John.'

    (i)   Taro-wa totuzen oogon-ni hutte-ko-rare-te          kyookiranbu-si-ta.
    Taro-Top suddenly gold-Dat fall-come-Pass-Gerund extreme joy-do-past
    "Taro was wild with joy as gold suddenly fell down."

    b. Max-wa Pati -ni zibuni -o bengo-s-ase-ta.
    Max-Top Pati -Dat selfi -Acc defend-Caus-Past.
    `Max made Pat defend himself.'

    (9)    Max-wa musume-o             nihon-ni ik-ase-ta.
    Max-Top daughter-Acc Japan-Dat go-Caus-Past
    `Max made/let her daughter go to Japan.'

    kare-wa sono koto-o sir-anakat-ta.
    he-Top that fact-Acc know-Neg-Past
    that.'

    node-wa-naku, {zibuni -o/*i } hihan-s-are-ta            noda.
    it is not the case self-Acc         criticize-Pass-Past it is the case
    criticized.'

    aida, zutto       benkyoo-suru huri-o-site-i-ta.
    while constantly study             pretend-Asp-Past
    him.'

    me-o-samas-anakat-ta.
    wake up-Neg-Past
    `Max did not wake up though Pat gave him a shake.'

    (20)   Alice-wa Pat-ni wazato/umaku           yuuwaku-s-are-ta.
    Alice-Top Pat-Dat intentionally/aptly seduce-Pass-Past
    `Alice was intentionally/aptly seduced by Max.'

    (21)   Otonasiku ore-ni nagur-are-ro.
    obediently I-Dat hit-Pass-Imp
    `Be hit by me obediently.' (lit.)

    (22) a. *Max-wa wazato           kanemoti-da.
    Max-Top intentionally rich-be:Pres
    `Max is intentionally rich.' (lit.)

    b. ?Max-wa wazato           Pat-ni reitan-da.
    Max-Top intentionally Pat-Dat cold-be:Pres
    `Max intentionally treats Pat coldly.' (intended)

    (23) a. Otonasiku hon-o          yonde-i-ro.
    obediently book-Acc read-Asp-Imp
    `Keep reading the book obediently.'

    mite-i-ta.
    watch-Asp-Past
    ing TV.'

    (24) a. Koko-ni i-ro.
    here-Dat be-Imp
    `Stay here.'

    b. Kare-wa wazato          soko-ni i-ta.
    he-Top intentionally there-Dat be-Past
    `He stayed there on purpose.'

    (cf. Sono hon-ga    yatto syuppan-s-are-ta. )
    that book-Nom finally publish-Pass-Past
    `That book was finally published.'

    chuusi-ni-nat-ta.
    suspension-become-Past
    the overseas department ran into the red.'

    (27)   Max-wa Pat-ni oogoe-o           das-are-ta.
    Max-Top Pat-Dat loud voice-Acc make-Passive-Past
    `Pat gave a loud cry (on Max).'

    (28) Kyoko-ga Syota-ni/niyotte izime-rare-ta.
    Kyoko-Nom Syota                bully-Pass-Past
    `Kyoko was bullied by Syota.'

    (29) a. Syota-ga ame-ni/*niyotte hur-are-ta.
    Syota-Nom rain                fall-Pass-Past
    `It rained on Syota.'

    b. Syota-ga musuko-ni/*niyotte gakkoo-o yame-rare-ta.
    Syota-Nom son                      school-Acc quit-Pass-Past
    `Shota's son quit school on him.'

    utaw-are-ta.
    sing-Pass-Past
    `Kyoko sang a song loudly on Syota.'

    (30) a. Batman-ga Joker-ni/niyotte mati-o hakai-s-are-ta.
    Batman-Nom Joker                 city-Acc destroy-Pass-Past
    `Joker destroyed the city on Batman.'

    Max-wa Pat-ni/niyotte orenzi-o kaisime-rare-ta.
    Max-Top Pat               orange buy up-Pass-Past
    `Pat bought up oranges on Max.'

    (31) a. Max-wa Pat-ni/*niyotte sonkei-s-are-teiru /ais-are-te-iru.
    Max-Top Pat                respect-Pass-Past love-Pass-Past
    `Max is respected/loved by Pat.'

    b. Alice-wa Pat-ni/??niyotte kami-o sawar-are-ta.
    Alice-Top Pat                hair-Acc touch-Pass-Past
    `Pat touched Alice's hair on her.'

    (32) a. Kyoko-ga izime-rare-ta.
    Kyoko-Nom bully-Pass-Past
    `Kyoko was bullied (by somebody).'

    b. Sensei-ga hihan-s-are-ta.
    teacher criticize-Pass-Past
    `The teacher was criticized (by somebody).'

    (33) a. Syota-ga sin-are-ta.
    Syota-Nom die-Pass-Past
    `Syota had someone die on him.'

    b. Syota-ga gakkoo-o yame-rare-ta.
    Syota-Nom school-Acc quit-Pass-Past
    `Shota had someone quit school on him.'

    s-are-ta.
    do-Pass-Past
    `(They) discussed philosophy (which Max hates) on Max.'

    chuusi-ni-s-are-ta.
    cancel-Pass-Past
    on Max.'

    home-rare-ta.
    praise-Pass-Past
    `Max was praised by Alice in his/?*her house.'

    mise-rare-ta.
    show-Pass-Past
    `Max had his/?*her picture shown (to him) by Alice.'

    (38) a. Sensei-ga      Hanako-o o-tasuke-ni-nat-ta.
    teacher-Nom    Hanako-Acc help-Hon-Past
    `The teacher   helped Hanako.'

    b. Hanako-ga      sensei-ni   o-tasuke-rare-ni-natta.
    Hanako-Nom     teacher-Acc help-Pass-Hon-Past
    `The teacher   was helped by Hanako.'

    (39) a. Sensei-ga hon-o     o-kaki-ni-nat-ta.
    teacher book-Acc write-Hon-Past
    `The teacher wrote the book.'

    b. Hanako-ga sensei-ni       hon-o       o-kak-are-ni-nat-ta.
    Hanako-Nom teacher-Dat book-Acc write-Pass-Hon-Past
    `The teacher wrote the book on Hanako.'

    hara-o-tate-ta.
    get angry-Past
    `Max got angry because Pat scolded him.'

    node], hara-o-tate-ta.
    because get angry-Past
    `Max got angry because the teacher scolded him.'

    uresiku-omot-ta.
    feel happy-Past
    `Max felt happy when Pat praised him.'

    toki], uresiku-omot-ta.
    when feel happy-Past
    `Max felt happy when the teacher praised him.'