The following interlinear glossed text data was extracted from a document found on the
World Wide Web via a semi-automated process. The data presented here could contain
corruption (degraded or missing characters), so the source document (link below) should
be consulted to ensure accuracy.
If you use any of the data shown here for research purposes,
be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
Katherine Demuth (1998). Argument structure and the acquisition of Sesotho applicatives.
URL: http://www.cog.brown.edu/People/demuth/articles/1998%20Demuth.pdf
(Last accessed 2009-07-23).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 2934&langcode=sot (2021-06-26).
Example #1:
(1) a. Thabo o-tla-pheh-a dijo
Thabo AGR-FUT-cook food
'Thabo will cook some food'
Example #2:
b. Thabo o-tla-pheh-el-a bana dijo
Thabo AGR-FUT-cook-APL children food
/some food for the children'
Example #3:
a. Dintja di-hol-a kapele
dogs AGR-grow fast
`Dogs grow fast'
Example #4:
b. Dintja di-hol-ela-a kapele serob-eng
dogs AGR-grow-APL fast barn-LOC
`Dogs grow up fast in the barn'
Example #5:
a. Banna ba-lwan-a ka-matla
men AGR-fight with-strength
`The men are fighting fiercely'
Example #6:
a. Banna ba-lwan-el-a bashanyana
men AGR-fight-APL boys
`The men are fighting for the boys'
Example #7:
(4) a. Banana ba-math-a lebal-eng
girls AGR-run playground-LOC
`The girls are running in the playground'
Example #8:
b. Banana ba-math-el-a bashanyana
girls AGR-run-APL boys
`The girls are running for the boys'
Example #9:
a. Bana ba-pheh-a nama
children AGR-cook meat
`The children are cooking meat'
Example #10:
b. Bana ba-pheh-el-a `me nama
children AGR-cook-APL mother meat
`The children are cooking meat for my mother'
Example #11:
(6) a. Barutuwa ba-bu-a sekhowa
students AGR-speak English
`The students are speaking English'
Example #12:
b. Barutuwa ba-bu-el-a ntate sekhowa
students AGR-speak-APL father English
`The students speak English for/to my father'
Example #13:
(7) a. Banna ba-pheh-el-a nama khotla (Locative)
men AGR-cook-APL meat courtyard
`Men cook meat in the courtyard'
Example #14:
b. Pula e-n-el-a ditulo-ng (Locative)
rain AGR-fall-APL chairs-LOC
`Rain is falling on the chairs'
Example #15:
c. Pula e-n-el-a ditulo (Goal)
rain AGR-fall-APL chairs
`Rain is falling on the chairs'
Example #16:
(8) a. Banana ba-math-a lebal-eng
girls AGR-run playground-LOC
`The girls are running in the playground'
Example #17:
b. Banana ba-math-el-a lebal-eng
girls AGR-run-APL playground-LOC
`The girls are running to/in the playground'
Example #18:
c. Banana ba-math-el-a ntate lebal-eng
girls AGR-run-APL father playground-LOC
`The girls are running for/to my father in the playground'
Example #19:
(10) a. Banana ba-phe-el-a `me nama
girls AGR-cook-APL mother meat
`The girls are cooking meat for my mother'
Example #20:
b. *Banana ba-pheh-el-a nama `me
girls AGR-cook-APL meat mother
`The girls are cooking meat for my mother'
Example #21:
(11) a. Rakhali o-rek-ets-e dieta tsa-hae pholeshe
aunt AGR-buy-APL shoes of-her polish
`My aunt has bought her shoes polish '
Example #22:
b. *Rakhali o-rek-ets-e pholeshe dieta tsa-hae
aunt AGR-buy-APL polish shoes of-her
`My aunt has bought polish for her shoes'
Example #23:
(12) a. Sello o-shap-el-a Dineo bashanyana
Sello AGR-beat-APL Dineo boys
ii. `Sello beats Lineo for the boys'
Example #24:
b. Sello o-shape-el-a bashanyana Dineo
Sello AGR-beat-APL boys Dineo
ii. `Sello beats the boys for Lineo'
Example #25:
(13) Banana ba-pheh-el-a `me nama
girls AGR-cook-APL mother meat
`The girls are cooking meat for my mother'
Example #26:
(14) a. Banana ba-mo-pheh-el-a nama
girls AGR-OBJ-cook-APL meat
`The girls are cooking meat for her'
Example #27:
b. Banana ba-e-pheh-el-a `me
girls AGR-OBJ-cook-APL mother
`The girls are cooking it for my mother
Example #28:
(15) a. `Me o-pheh-ets-w-e nama
mother AGR-cook-APL-PASS meat
`The meat has been cooked for my mother'
Example #29:
b. Nama e-pheh-ets-w-e `me
meat AGR-cook-APL-PASS mother
`The meat has been cooked for my mother'
Example #30:
(ke-o-kwal-l-el-a)
AGR-OBJ-close-APL-APL
`I'm closing [it] up for you'
Example #31:
(n-ka-e-kwal-l-a)
AGR-POT-OBJ-close-APL
`I can close it up'
Example #32:
(u-e-rek-ets-w-e ke mang)
AGR-OBJ-buy-APL-PASS-PERF by whom
`You were bought it by who?'
Example #33:
(n-ngwathel-l-e )
OBJ-feed-APL
`Feed me [something]'
Example #34:
(n-ngwathel-l-e dijo)
OBJ-feed-APL food
`Feed me some food'
Example #35:
(ke-i-pat-el-a)
AGR-RF-hide-APL
`I'm hiding from myself'
Example #36:
(o-pat-el-a koko)
AGR-hide-APL chicken
`She's hiding from the chicken
Example #37:
a. ha ke-w-el-e mona
NEG AGR-fall-APL ADV
`I'm not falling down here'
Example #38:
(wena o-math-el-a mane Chabadimaketse kwana)
you AGR-run-APL ADV Chabadimaketse ADV
`You running over there to Chabidimaketse yonder'
Example #39:
(ya masenke ke e-w-el-ang)
of tin roof is REL/AGR-fall-APL-RL
`The tin-roofed one is that which is falling down'
Example #40:
(n-tl-el-e ke-jetem-e)
OBJ-leave-APL AGR-jump
`Leave me alone so I can jump'
Example #41:
(n-chak-el-e)
OBJ-visit-APL
`Pay me a visit'
Example #42:
(ke-a-i-thobal-l-a)
AGR-PRES-RF-sleep-APL
`I'm going to sleep by myself'
Example #43:
(ke-a-i-thol-el-a)
AGR-PRES-RF-quiet-APL
`I'm keeping myself quiet'
Example #44:
(ke-o-qoq-el-e)
AGR-OBJ-talk-APL
`Shall I talk [about something] with you?'
Example #45:
(n-ka-i-ngol-l-a moo)
AGR-POT-RF-write-APL ADV
`I can write [something] by myself here'
Example #46:
(a-mo-rek-el-a)
AGR-OBJ-buy-APL
`She should buy [them] for him'
Example #47:
(a-rek-el-e Namane)
AGR-buy-APL Namane
`She should buy [them] for Namane'
Example #48:
(ke-tla-e-tabol-el-a)
AGR-FUT-OBJ-tear-APL
`I'll tear it up [for him]'
Example #49:
(o-ngol-l-a lengolo)
AGR-write-APL letter
`Are you writing a letter [for someone]?'
Example #50:
(Ntselleng ha-re-tlo-ngol-l-a ka mona)
Ntselleng let-AGR-FUR-write-APL in here
`Ntselleng, let's write [a letter] in here'
Example #51:
(o-tlis-ets-ang pere mo)
AGR-bring-APL-WH horse here
`Why are you bring the horse here?'
Example #52:
(o-le-thib-el-e)
AGR-OBJ-prevent-APL
`Might you stop it (from rolling)?'
Example #53:
(ke-tla-e-tabol-el-a)
AGR-FUT-OBJ-tear-APL
`I'll tear it up [for him]'
Example #54:
(o-e-pat-el-e Ntselleng)
AGR-OBJ-hide-APL Ntselleng
`Are you hiding it [for someone], Ntselleng?'
Example #55:
(wena o-math-el-a mane Chabadimaketse kwana)
you AGR-run-APL ADV Chabadimaketse ADV
`You running over there to Chabidimaketse yonder'
Example #56:
(e-pheh-ets-w-e ke Mami)
AGR-cook-APL-PASS-PERF by Mami
`It was cooked by Mami'
Example #57:
(u-e-rek-ets-w-e ke mang)
AGR-OBJ-buy-APL-PASS-PERF by who
`You were bought it by who?'
Example #58:
(e-fel-ets-w-e ke peterole)
AGR-finish-APL-PASS-PERF by petrol
`It (the car) is finished by peterol'