The following interlinear glossed text data was extracted from a document found on the
World Wide Web via a semi-automated process. The data presented here could contain
corruption (degraded or missing characters), so the source document (link below) should
be consulted to ensure accuracy.
If you use any of the data shown here for research purposes,
be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
Mark Andrew de Vos (2005). The syntax of verbal pseudo-coordination in English and Afrikaans.
URL: http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/001451/bookpart.pdf
(Last accessed 2009-07-23).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 3281&langcode=afr (2021-09-26).
Example #1:
(5) Jan sal die boeke sit en lees
Jan will the books sit and read
`Jan will sit reading the books'
Example #2:
b. Jan sit die boeke en lees
Jan sit the books and read
`Jan sits reading the books'
Example #3:
c. Jan sit en lees die boeke
Jan sit and read the books
`Jan sits reading the books'
Example #4:
(10) a. Jan maak elke dag potjiekos
Jan make every day potjiekos
`Jan makes potjiekos every day'
Example #5:
b. . . . dat Jan elke dag potjiekos maak
that Jan every day potjiekos make
`. . . that Jan makes potjiekos everyday'
Example #6:
(11) a. Jan eet altyd appels
Jan eet always apples
`Jan always eats apples'
Example #7:
b. Jan wil nie appels eet nie
Jan want not apples eet neg. AG R
`Jan doesn't want to eat apples'
Example #8:
(12) a. Sy kom vandag die boek lees
she come today the book read
`She will read the book today'
Example #9:
b. Sy kom lees vandag die boek
She come read today the book
`She will read the book today'
Example #10:
(13) a. Hy sal die heeldag na die wolke lê en kyk
he will the whole day at the clouds lie and look
`He'll lie looking at the clouds the entire day'
Example #11:
b. Hy lê die heeldag na die wolke lê en kyk
he lie the whole day at the clouds and look
`He lies looki ng at the cl ouds the whole day long' (Robbers 1997:65)
Example #12:
c. Kom staan en lees hy die boeke?
come stand and read he the books
`Does he come and read the books?' [DLV+ILV+LexV]
Example #13:
(16) a. Sy moet die kinders help
she must the children help
`She must help the children' (Robbers 1997:174)
Example #14:
b. *Sy moet help die kinders
she must help the children
`She must help the children' (Robbers 1997:174)
Example #15:
(17) a. Sy sal die kinders moet help
she will the children must help
`She will have to help the children' (Robbers 1997:174)
Example #16:
(19) Sy sal moet die kinders help
she will must the children help
`She will have to help the children'
Example #17:
(20) Hy sal kan die bal skop
he will can the ball kick
`He will be able to kick the ball'
Example #18:
(21) Hulle sal wil die kinders leer
they will want the children teach
`They will want to teach the children'
Example #19:
(24) a. *Waarom sal moet sy die kinders help?
why will must she the children help
`Why will she have to help the children?'
Example #20:
b. *Waarom sal kan hy die bal skop?
why will can he the ball kick
`Why will he be able t o kick the ball?'
Example #21:
(30) lê en slaap hulle?
lie and sleep they
`Are they lying asleep?'
Example #22:
(31) Kom slaap hulle?
come sleep they
`Will they come and sleep?'
Example #23:
(32) Gaan lê en slaap hulle?
go lie and sleep they?
`Are they going to lie and sleep?' (Ponelis 1993:327)
Example #24:
(33) *Gaan laat bou hulle die sentrum?
go let build they the centre
`Will they go and get the centre built?' (Ponelis 1993:327)
Example #25:
(34) *Sit en lê en slaap hulle?
sit and lie and sleep they
`Are they lying asleep?'
Example #26:
(35) a. Wie hoop Jan om goed te leer ken?
who hope Jan C.I N F well to learn know
`Who does Jan hope to get to know better'
Example #27:
b. Jan hoor die koppie val
Jan hear the cup fall
`Jan hears the cup fall'
Example #28:
(38) a. Jan skryf briewe en lees boeke
Jan write letters and read books
`Jan writes letters and reads books'
Example #29:
(39) a. Jan skop die man [wie hom bekyk]
Jan kick the man who him look-at
`Jan kicks the man who is looking at him'
Example #30:
(40) Wat dink Bush dat Blair sê tW H ?
What think Bush that Blair say t
`What does Bush think that Blair is saying?'
Example #31:
(42) Loopt haelt dan . . . die spijse
go get then . . . the food
`Go then and the food' (Ponelis 1993:330)
Example #32:
(52) a. Gaan haal hy die kinders?
go get he the children
`Will he fetch the children' (Ponelis 1993:329)
Example #33:
b. Gaan hy die kinders haal?
go he the children get
`Will he fetch the children' (Ponelis 1993:330)
Example #34:
(1) a. Wat sit Jan waarskynlik en eet t?
what sit Jan probably and eat t
`What is Jan probably sitting and eating?'
Example #35:
b. Wat sit en eet Jan waarskynlik t?
what sit and eat Jan probably t
`What is Jan probably sitting and eating?'
Example #36:
(2) a. Hoe loop Jan die rekening en betaal?
how walk Jan the bill and pay
`How does Jan go and pay the bill?'
Example #37:
i. Hy betaal met sy kreditkaart
he pay with his credit card
`He pays it with his credit card'
Example #38:
b. Hoe loop en betaal Jan die rekening?
how walk and pay Jan the bill
`How does Jan go and pay the bill?'
Example #39:
i. Hy betaal met sy kreditkaart
he pay with his credit card
`He pays it with his credit card'
Example #40:
(3) a. Hoe vinnig sit Jan die boek en lees?
how quickly sit Jan the book and read
`How quickly is Jan reading the book (while sitting)?'
Example #41:
i. Hy lees baie vinnig
he read very quickly
`He's reading very quickly'
Example #42:
b. Hoe vinnig sit en lees Jan die boek?
how quickly sit and read Jan the book
`How quickly is Jan reading the book (while sitting)?'
Example #43:
i. Hy lees baie vinnig
he read very quickly
`He's reading very quickly'
Example #44:
(4) Hy sal die heeldag na die wolke lê en kyk
He will the whole day at the clouds lie and look
'He'll lie looking up a the clouds all day'
Example #45:
sorgvuldig/ morsig sit en eet?
carefully messily sit and eat
going to be eating?' [Ordinary Adverb positions]
Example #46:
sorgvuldig/ morsig en eet
carefully messily and eat
going to be eating?' [*Adverbs in A]
Example #47:
?vinni g/ sorgvuldig/ morsig eet?
quickl y carefully messily eat
going to be eating?' [Low adverbs in B]
Example #48:
(7) a. Daar sal altyd iemand boeke sit en lees
there will always somebody books sit and read
`There will always be somebody busy reading books'
Example #49:
b. Daar sal altyd iemand sit en boeke lees
there will always somebody sit and books read
`There will always be somebody busy reading books'
Example #50:
(9) a. ?Wat sal daar altyd iemand sit en lees?
what will there always somebody sit and read
`What will there always be somebody reading?'
Example #51:
b. *Daar sal altyd sit iemand en boeke lees
there will always sit somebody and books read
`There will always be somebody busy reading books'
Example #52:
c. *Wat sal daar altyd sit en iemand lees?
what will there always sit and somebody read
`What will there always be somebody reading?'
Example #53:
b. Waarom sit en jaag Jan die beeste weg
why sit and chase Jan the cattle away. P RT
`Why will Jan keep chasing away the cattle'
Example #54:
weg jaag
away.P RT chase
`Why will Jan keep chasing away the cattle'
Example #55:
(12) a. Dit reën
it rain
`It's raining'
Example #56:
b. *Dit sit
it s it
`It's sitting (in the weather-subject sense)'
Example #57:
d. *Dit sit en reën alweer vandag
it sit and rain again today
`Its raining again today'
Example #58:
(13) a. Dit reën
it rain
`It's raining'
Example #59:
b. *Dit staan
it stand
`It's standing (in the weather-subject sense)'
Example #60:
c. %Dit staan vandag alweer en reën
it stand today again and rain
`Its raining again today'
Example #61:
d. %Dit staan en reën alweer vandag
it stand and rain again today
`Its raining again today'
Example #62:
b. *Die boom loop
the tree go
`The tree goes'
Example #63:
d. *Die boom loop en groei mos
the tree walk and grow E M P H
`The tree is (actuall y) growing!'
Example #64:
b. ie boom staan op die plaas
the tree stand on the farm
`The tree is on the farm'
Example #65:
c. Die boom staan mos en groei
the tree stand E M P H and grow
`The tree is (actually) growing!'
Example #66:
d. Die boom staan en groei mos
the tree stand and grow E M P H
`The tree is (actually) growing!'
Example #67:
(18) Die kers staan op die tafel
the candle stand on the table
`The candle is on the table'
Example #68:
(19) Die man staan op die tafel
the man stand on the table
`The man is standing on the table
Example #69:
`n bier sit en drink
Jan will a beer sit and drink and Piet will also
`Jan will drink a beer and Piet will too'
Example #70:
en drink
Jan will beer sit and drink and Piet will also a beer sit
`Jan will drink a beer and Piet will too'
Example #71:
(22) Wat sit Jan en/*of lees?
What sit Jan and/or read
`What is John sitting and/*or reading?'
Example #72:
(23) a. Jan het gesit en gedans ook
Jan AU X.have P S T-sit and P S T-dans also
`Jan both sat and danced'
Example #73:
b. *Wat sit Jan en lees ook?
what sit Jan and read also
`What is John (*both) sitting and reading?'
Example #74:
c. *Wat sit en lees Jan ook?
what sit and read Jan also
`What is John (*both) sitting and reading?'
Example #75:
(25) Wat sit Jan en sing?
what sit Jan and sing
`What is John busy singing (while sitting)?'
Example #76:
(28) a. Jan sit en hy lees
Jan sit and he read
`Jan sits and he reads'
Example #77:
b. Jan lees en hy sit
Jan read and he sit
`Jan reads and he sits'
Example #78:
(30) a. Wat sit en lees Jan?
what sit and read Jan
`What is Jan reading?'
Example #79:
(32) Hy het ge- lê en *ge- slaap.
he have P S T-lie and sleep.
`He lay sleeping'
Example #80:
(33) Hy het ge- staan en *ge- praat.
he have P S T-stand and talk.
`He stood talking'
Example #81:
(34) Hy het ge- sit en *ge- skryf
He have P S T-sit and write
`He sat writing'
Example #82:
(35) Hy het ge- loop en *ge- fluit
He have P S T-walk and whistle
`He walked whistling'
Example #83:
(36) Wat sit jy en/*EN eet
what sit you and eat
`What are you eating?'
Example #84:
(37) Wat sit en/*EN eet jy?
what sit and eat you?
`What are you eating?'
Example #85:
(38) a. Waarom SIT jy nie en eet nie?
what sit you neg N E G and eat neg NEG
`What aren't you SITTING and eating?'
Example #86:
b. Wat SIT en eet jy nie?
what sit and eat you neg?
`What aren't you SITTING and eating?'
Example #87:
(40) a. Wat sit Jan [en]/[n] lees?
what sit Jan and " read
`What is Jan reading?'
Example #88:
b. Wat sit [en]/[n] lees Jan?
what sit and " read Jan
`What is Jan reading?'
Example #89:
(1) a. Hy sal die heeldag na die wolke lê en kyk
He will the whole day at the clouds lie and look
'He'll lie looking up a the clouds all day'
Example #90:
b. Hy lê die heeldag na die wolke lê en kyk
he lie the whole day at the clouds and look
'He lies looking at the clouds the entire day'
Example #91:
c. Hy lê en kyk die heeldag na die wolke lê en kyk
he lie and look the whole day at the clouds
'He lies looking at the clouds the entire day' (Robbers 1997:65)
Example #92:
(2) a. Jan sit die boek en lees
Jan sit the book and read
`Jan was reading the book'
Example #93:
b. Jan lees en lees elke dag
Jan read and read every day
`Jan reads and reads every day'
Example #94:
b. . . . dat Jan altyd lees en lees
. . . that Jan always read and read
`. . . that Jan always reads and reads'
Example #95:
(6) a. Waarom sing en sing Jan die hele dag?
why sing and sing Jan the whole day?
`Why does Jan sing and sing all day?'
Example #96:
b. Waarom sit en sing Jan die hele dag?
why sit and sing Jan the whole day
`Why does Jan sing all day?'
Example #97:
(7) a. Waarom sit Jan die hele dag sit en sing?
why sit Jan the whole day and sing
`Why does Jan sing all day?'
Example #98:
b. *Waarom sing Jan die hele dag sing en sing ?
why sing Jan the whole day and sing
`Why does Jan sing and sing all day?'
Example #99:
(10) a. Waarom [loop en eet] Jan piesangs t?
Why walk and eet Jan bananas
`Why does Jan eat bananas?' [Quirky verb-second]
Example #100:
b. Waarom loop Jan piesangs [t en v] eet?
Why walk Jan bananas and eet
`Why does Jan eat bananas?' [Optional extraction]
Example #101:
(11) a. Waarom [loop en loop] Jan oor die duine t?
why walk and walk Jan over the dunes
`Why does John walk and walk over the dunes?' [ReCo]
Example #102:
(19) Jan sit nou die wolke [tsit en v] aanstaar
Jan sit now the clouds and at.P RT-stare
`Jan is sitting and staring at the clouds'
Example #103:
(38) a. Waarom loop en loop Jan oor die duine?
why walk and walk Jan over the dunes
`Why does John walk and walk over the dunes?'
Example #104:
(39) a. Jan [kan en moet] vandag skooltoe gaan!
Jan can and must school-to go
`John can and must go to school today!'
Example #105:
(40) a. Sy kom vandag die boek lees
she come today the book read
`She will read the book today'
Example #106:
b. Sy kom lees vandag die boek
She come read today the book
`She will read the book today'
Example #107:
(44) a. Waarom bly lees Jan die boek?
why stay read Jan the book
`Why does Jan keep reading the book?'
Example #108:
(45) a. Waarom kom eet Jan by ons?
why come at Jan with us
`Why does Jan come and eat at our house?'
Example #109:
(46) a. Die heelagter laat val die bal
the full-back let.C AU Se fall the ball
`The full-back dropped the ball' (Van Niekerk 1995:150)
Example #110:
b. Die heelagter laat die bal val
the full-back let.C AU S the ball fall
`The full-back dropped the ball' (Van Niekerk 1995:150)
Example #111:
(47) a. %Waarom help lees Jan Sanet die boek?
why help read Jan Sanet the book?
`Why does Jan help Sanet read the book?'
Example #112:
(48) a. %Waarom laat lees Jan Sanet die boek?
why let-P E R M I S S I V E read Jan Sanet the book
`Why does Jan let Sanet read the book?'
Example #113:
(49) a. *Waarom beter lees Jan die boek?
why beter read Jan the book
`Why had Jan better read the book?'
Example #114:
(51) a. Jan moet nou basta nonsens praat!
you must now N E G nonsense speak
`You must stop talking nonsense now!'
Example #115:
b. *Waarom basta Jan nonsens praat?
Why N E G Jan nonsense speak
`Why does Jan stop speaking nonsense?'
Example #116:
(52) a. Jan het die bokke loop skiet
Jan AU X.have the buck walk shoot
`Jan went and shot the buck'
Example #117:
b. Jan loop skiet die bokke
Jan walk shoot the buck
`Jan goes and shoots the buck'
Example #118:
c. *Jan loop die bokke skiet
Jan walk the buck shoot
`Jan goes and shoots the buck'
Example #119:
(53) Jan loop die bokke en skiet
Jan walk the buck and shoot
`Jan goes and shoots buck'
Example #120:
(54) a. Hoe vinnig sal Jan die boek loop lees?
how quickly will Jan the book walk read
`How quickly will Jan read the book'
Example #121:
b. Hoe vinnig loop lees Jan die boek?
how quickly walk read Jan the book
`How quickly will Jan read the book'
Example #122:
(55) a. Wat wil Jan gaan eet?
What want Jan go eat
`What does John want to (go and) eat?'
Example #123:
b. Wat gaan eet Jan die heeltyd?
What go eat Jan the whole time
`*What will John eat the entire time?'
Example #124:
c. Wat gaan Jan die heeltyd eet?
What go Jan the whole time eat
`What will John eat the entire time?'
Example #125:
(56) As dit môre mooiweer is, gaan ons gaan visvang
If it tomorrow good weather is go us go fishing
`If there is good weather tomorrow we are going to go fishing' (Heiberg
Example #126:
(57) Ons gaan vanaand gaan gool
We go tonight go drink
`Tonight we are going to go drinking' (Heiberg 1950:64:VVT)
Example #127:
(58) a. Wat sit kyk jy my so?
what sit look you me so
`Why are you looking at me like that?' (Du Plessis, p.c.)
Example #128:
(61) Nou gaan laat hulle die sentrum bou
Now go let they the centre build
`Now they will have the centre built'(Ponelis 1993:328)
Example #129:
(62) En hy kom staan jou en uittrap
and he come stand you and scold
`And he just started scolding you' (Ponelis 1993:328)
Example #130:
(63) . . . en wie kom kry jou . . . daar lê?
. . . and who come get you . . . there lie
`And who will get you lying there . . . ?'(Ponelis 1993:328)
Example #131:
(64) Julle loop staan nie die voëls en aanjaag . . . nie
you walk stand N E G the birds and on.P RT-chase . . . N E G
`You are going to drive the birds . . . ' ((Matthee 1985:23) cited by (Robbers
Example #132:
(65) a. Waarom sal Jan die boek loop staan en lees?
why will Jan the book walk stand and read
`Why will Jan go and read the book?' [Base order]
Example #133:
b. Waarom loop staan en lees Jan die boek?
why walk stand and read Jan the book
`Why is Jan busy reading the book?'
Example #134:
d. Waarom loop staan Jan die boek en lees?
Why walk stand Jan the book and read
`Why is Jan busy reading the book?'
Example #135:
(69) Ek het hom ge-maak gaan
I AUX him PST-make go
`I made him go' (Calitz 1957:KBA)
Example #136:
(70) Toe ek my kom ge-vind het
then I my(self) come PST-find AUX
`Then I came and found myself ' Rademeyer (1938:BA)
Example #137:
b. Jan sit die boeke en lees
Jan sit the books and read
`Jan sits reading the books'
Example #138:
c. Jan sit en lees die boeke
Jan sit and read the books
`Jan sits reading the books'
Example #139:
(29) a. Jan sal die boeke sit en lees
Jan zal de boeken zit en lees
`Jan zal de boeken zitten te lezen'
Example #140:
b. Jan sit die boeke en lees
Jan zit de boeken en lees
`Jan zit de boeken te lezen'
Example #141:
c. Jan sit en lees die boeke
Jan zit en lees de boeken
`Jan zit de boeken te lezen'