(i)       a. Peruk ardoa       edan du
    Peru-erg wine-D-abs drink Aux-T
    `Peru drank wine'

    b. Ardoa/Peru           iritsi  da
    wine-D-abs/Peru-abs arrived Aux-I
    `The wine/Peru arrived'

    (i)    a. Jonek liburu-a-k irakurr-i-a-k         ditu
    Jon-erg book-D-pl read-partc-D-pl       Aux-T
    `Jon has those books read'

    b. Adiskide-a-k etorr-i-a-k      dira
    friend-d-pl come-partc-D-pl Aux-I
    `My friends have arrived'

    (i)       a. Ez dakit     [ nori e e eman]
    neg know-I who-Dat give
    `I don't know whom to give this'

    b. Joni     esan dio      [zer e egin]
    Jon-dat say Aux-DT what do
    `He/she told Jon what to do'

    (ii)    [Jonek semea eskolan utzi zuen] eta [ e klasera joan zen]
    Jon-erg son-abs school-in leave Aux-T and class-to go Aux-I
    `Jon left his son at school, and then he (Jon/*his son) went to class'

    (i)     [Ni-k ikusteko] agindu/eskatu du
    I-erg see-N-for order/ask-partc Aux-T
    `*He asked/ordered for me to see it'

    (i)      a. Horren egiteko abiatu gara
    that-g do-N-for set out Aux-I
    `We set out to do that (lit. ...to do of that)'

    (i)     a. Adiskideek elkar         ikusi     dute
    friends-erg each-other see-partc Aux-T
    `The friends saw each other'

    (iii)   a. Jonek ardoa      ekarri      du
    Jon-erg wine-abs bring-partc Aux-T
    `Jon brought the wine'

    b. Jonek saltatu      du
    Jon-erg jump-partc Aux-T
    `Jon jumped'

    b. *Elkar        joan ziren
    each other go Aux-T
    `*Each other went'

    c. *Elkarrek          ikusi     dituzte lagunak
    each other-erg see-partc Aux-T friends
    `Each other saw the friends'

    (16)   a. Xabier      zerbitzari dago              kafetegi horretan
    Xabier-abs waiter      is-in a location cafe     that-in
    `Xabier is working as a waiter in that cafe'

    b. Xabier       zerbitzari(a) da
    Xabier-Abs waiter       is
    `Xabier is a waiter'

    b. Gizon bat atean dago
    man a door-at is-loc
    `A man is at the door'

    c. Ez da hor kabitzen
    neg Aux-I there fit
    `It does not fit there'

    c. Harainoko bidea/hiru kilometro ib ili dut/ditut
    there-to-g way-D/three kilometers walk Aux-T(sing/plural)
    `I walked three kilometers/the way to there'

    b. Mendi     hura igo dut, #baina ez naiz tontorreraino iritsi
    mountain that climb Aux-T but neg Aux-I top-to              get
    `I climbed that mountain, #but I didn't get to the top'

    b. Kaxak 200 metro jeitsi ditut
    boxes-D 200 mts take down Aux-T
    `I took down the boxes 200 meters'

    b. ??Kamioia Iruna      ailegatzen hasi da
    runner stadium-to arrive         begin Aux-I
    `The truck began to arrive to Irun'

    b. ??Paketeak    b ukatu du    ailegatzen
    package-Erg finish Aux-T arrive-N-Loc
    `The package finished arriving'

    (ii)     Heldu           da
    Arrive-partc Aux-I
    `It is arriving now (it comes)'

    b. Jonek zakurra gelditu du
    Jon-Erg dog-the stop aux
    `Jon stopped the dog'

    b. Irrigarri gertatu        gara
    ridiculous result-partc Aux-I
    `We found ourselves in ridicule'

    c. Horrelako beharrean gertatu        naiz
    such          need        result-partc Aux-I
    `I found myself in such a need'

    b. Azkenaldian problemak azaldu dira
    lately         problems pop up Aux
    `Problems popped up lately'

    b. Teorema azaldu nion
    theorem explain Aux-DT
    `I explained the theorem to him'

    b. Aberatsentzako elkartokia    b ilakatu     dute
    rich-for           meeting-club develop-into Aux-T
    `They developed it into a meeting-club for the rich'

    d. Atertu       du
    clear-partc Aux-T
    `It has become clear'

    (ii)    a. Hego haizeak eguna berotu       du
    south wind-Erg day-D warm-partc Aux-T
    `The south wind warmed the day'

    b. Hodeiek     eguna ilundu      dute
    clouds-Erg day-D dark-partc Aux-T
    `The clouds darkened the day'

    (iii)   a. *[   ]i berotu    du ,            baina [ ]i ez zen berez      hain haize beroa
    warm-partc Aux-T, but           not was by itself such warm wind-D
    `*Iti warmed, but iti wasn't such a hot air'

    b. [   ]i eguna berotu   du, baina [ ]i ez zen hain haize beroa
    day-D warm-partc Aux-T, but          not was such warm wind-D
    `It warmed the day, but it wasn't such a hot air'

    b. Ifar poloan hotz haundia egiten du/?dago
    north pole-in cold big         do-Hab Aux-T/be-in a location
    `In the north pole, it is very cold (as a property of the pole)'

    b. Jamaikan bero haundia egiten du         (oraintxe)
    Jamaica-in hot big          do-Hab Aux-T right now
    `In Jamaica it is very hot right now'

    (i)     Euria ari du
    rain ari Aux-T
    `It is raining'

    b. Jon ispiluan ikusi da
    jon mirror-in see Aux-I
    `Jon saw himself in the mirror'

    b. Xabierrek etengabe    bere b urua goraipatu du
    Xabier-Erg continuously his head praise Aux-T
    `Xabier has praised himself continuously'

    b. *Gerrilariak beren b uruak basora  babestu     dituzte
    partisans their heads-abs woods-to protect-partc Aux-T
    `The partisans protected themselves inmto the woods'

    b. Xabierrek bere b urua zubiazpian bota    du
    Xabier-erg his head-abs under the bridge-loc Aux-T
    `Xabier threw himself under the bridge'

    b. Xabier    garbitu da
    Xabier-abs wash Aux-I
    `Xabier washed'

    b. *Mirenek b ere burua jantzi du
    Miren-erg his head dress Aux-T
    `Miren dressed up'

    b. *Mirenek b ere burua idortu du
    Miren-erg his head dry       Aux-T
    `Miren dried herself up'

    gab ea       ze n
    without-Det was
    `Xabier went to Miren at two o'clock. By four o'clock he wasn't yet there'

    b. Joni adiskide b at joan zaio
    Jon-dat friend one leave Aux(dat-abs)
    `A friend of Jon left'

    b. Hori baliatu        du
    that-abs profit-partc Aux-T
    `He made that profitable'

    b. Etxeetako tximiniak kea   dariote   (Lz,BB,156)
    houses-g chimney-erg smoke spill(erg-abs)
    `The chimneys of the houses send up smoke'

    (93)
    Jon-erg house new-D-abs buy-partc Aux-T
    `Jon bought a new house'

    b. Lehioko kristalak distiratu        du
    window-of glass-erg shine-partc Aux-T
    `The glass in the window shone'

    c. *Kristalak lurra distiratu      du
    glass-erg floor shine-partc Aux-T
    `*The glass shone the floor (made the floor shine)'

    (94)
    Gene Kelly-erg dance famous one dance-ger Aux-T film that-loc
    `Gene Kelly dances a famous dance in that film'

    b. Jolas polit bat jolastu zuten
    play nice one play-partc Aux-T
    `They played a nice play'

    c. Abraracourcix-ek b orroka luze b at borrokatzen du    istorio horretan
    Abraracourcix-erg fight       long one fight-ger    Aux-T story that-loc
    `Abraracourcix fights a long fight in that story'

    (95)
    jumper cuban-erg two meters jump-partc aux-T(pl)
    `The cuban athlete jumped two meters'

    (96)
    Jon-erg run-partc Aux-T           Jon-erg run do Aux-T
    `Jon ran'                                `Jon ran'

    (97)
    Jon-erg dance one dance-partc Aux-T
    `Jon danced a dance'

    b. *Jonek dantza b at dantza egin du
    Jon-erg dance one dance do Aux-T
    `Jon danced a dance'

    (98)
    Jon-erg chat-loc do Aux-T us-with
    `Jon chatted with us'

    (99)
    Jon-erg Urtain-g against fight-partc Aux-T
    `Jon fought against Urtain'

    b. Jon    Urtainen kontra borrokatu da
    Jon-abs Urtain-g against fight-partc Aux-T
    `Jon fought against Urtain'

    (100) a. Jonek b i dantza dantzatu ditu
    Jon-erg two dance-abs dance-partc Aux-T
    `Jon danced two dances'

    b. Berrogei egun eta b errogei gau b arautu     zituen
    forty day and forty           night fasten-partc Aux-T
    `He fastened for forty days and forty nights'

    (101) a. Urtain     b orrokatu du     Jonek
    Urtain-abs fight-partc Aux-T Jon-erg
    `Jon fought Urtain'

    b. Gu baino sendoagorik ez dugu ba gudukatuko
    us than stronger-part neg aux-T then war-partc-fut
    `We want war those who are stronger that us, then'

    (102) a. *Berriak Mikel      dardaratu du
    news-erg Mikel-abs tremble-partc Aux-T
    `*The news trembled Mikel (made Mikel tremble)'

    (ii)         Berriak Mikel   dardara-erazi du
    News-erg Mikel-abs tremble-cause Aux-T
    `The news made Mikel tremble'

    c. *Pailazoak haurrak     jolastu  ditu
    clown-erg children-abs play-partc Aux-T
    `The clown played the children (made the children play)'

    (111) a. Patxik soroan garia        erein du
    Patxi-erg field-in wheat-abs sow Aux-T
    `Patxi sowed wheat in the field'

    b. Patxik soroa       gariz      erein du
    Patxi-erg field-abs wheat-instr sow Aux-T
    `Patxi sowed the field with wheat'

    (112) a. Patxik sagarrak kamioian kargatu ditu
    Patxi-erg apples-abs truck-in load     Aux-T(pl.abs)
    `Patxi loaded the apples in the truck

    b. Patxik kamioia sagarrez kargatu zuen
    Patxi-erg truck-abs apple-instr load   Aux-T(sing.abs)
    `Patxi loaded the truck with apples'

    (113) a. Artaburuak aletu        dira
    corn-ears-abs pit-partc Aux-I
    `The corn (ears of) grew pits'

    b. Adarrak      kimatu dira
    Branches-abs bud-partc Aux-I
    `The branches budded'

    c. Txitak     lumatu        dira
    chicks-abs grew-feathers-partc Aux-I
    `The chicks grew feathers'

    c. Txitak    lumatu      dituzte
    chicks-abs pluck-partc Aux-T
    `They plucked the chicks'

    (115) a. Jonek lan egiten du
    Jon-Erg work do-Gen Aux-T
    `Jon works'

    b. Mikelek salto egin du
    Mikel-Erg jump do Aux-T
    `Mikel jumped'

    (ii)   a. Jonek dantza egin du
    Jon-erg dance do Aux-T
    `Jon danced'

    (118) a. Jonek dantza egin du
    Jon-Erg dance do Aux-T
    `Jon danced'

    b. Nork egin du dantza ? (wh-questions)
    who do Aux-T dance
    `Who danced?'

    c. JONEK egin du      dantza      (focus movement)
    Jon-Erg do Aux-T dance
    `JON danced'

    d. DANTZA egin du       Jonek
    dance      do Aux-T Jon-Erg
    `Jon DANCED'

    e. Dantza, Jonek EGITEN du
    dance Jon-Erg do-freq Aux-T
    `As for dancing, Jon does dance'

    (119) a. Ez du zirkinik egiten
    neg Aux move-part do-prog
    `He doesnt move (at all)'

    b. Ez du      eztulik    egin
    neg Aux-T cough-part do
    `He didn't cough (a single time)'

    b. Joni     dantza eginarazi diote
    Jon-dat dance do-cause Aux-DT
    `They made Jon dance'

    b. Jon       dantzarazi dute
    Jon-abs dance-cause Aux-T
    `They made Jon dance'

    c. ?Joni      dantzarazi diote
    Jon-dat dance-cause Aux-DT
    `They made Jon dance'

    (121) a. Jonek dantza b at dantzatu du
    Jon-Erg dance a dance-partc Aux-T
    `Jon danced a dance'

    b. *Jonek dantza bat dantza egin du
    Jon-Erg dance a dance do Aux-T
    `Jon danced a dance'

    (122) a. Zoro batek oinezko         b i ri   harrika egin zien
    fool one-Erg pedestrians two-Dat stone-adv do Aux-DT
    `A fool threw stones at two pedestrians'

    b. Zoro batek oinezko          bi       harrikatu    zituen
    fool one-Erg pedestrians two-Dat shoot-partc Aux-T
    `A fool stoned two pedestrians'

    (123) a. Zakurrak hondakinei usna egin zien
    dog-Erg garbage-dat smell do Aux-DT
    `The dog smelled at the garbage'

    b. Zakurrak hondakinak usnatu          zituen
    dog-Erg garbage             smell-partc Aux-T
    `The dog smelled (all) the garbage'

    (124) a. Jonek mahaiari (*b azterrera) bultza egin zion
    Jon-Erg table-Dat corner-to push do Aux-DT
    `Jon pushed at the table (*to the corner)'

    b. Jonek mahaia bazterrera b ultzatu zuen
    Jon-Erg table corner-to push-partc Aux
    `Jon pushed the table to the corner'

    (126) a. Mikel b azterrera b ultzatu du
    Mikel corner-to push-partc Aux-T
    `He pushed Mikel to the corner'

    b. Mikeli (*bazterrera) bultzatu dio
    Mikel-Dat corner-to push-partc Aux-DT
    `He pushed at Mikel (*to the corner)'

    (130)      Nork   hartu du     min?
    Who-erg pain Aux-T pain
    `He/she hurt him/her in two minutes

    (138) a. Proposamena goizeko          b ilkuran     onetsi/onartu      dute
    proposal-abs morning-of meeting-loc accept-partc                   Aux-T
    `They accepted the offer in this morning's meeting'

    b. Abertzale gehienek atentatua              gaitzetsi      dute
    nationalist most-erg terrorist act-abs condemn-partc Aux-T
    īMost nationalists condemned the terrorist action'

    c. ?Ehun      urte eta gero, pintura zahar horiek ederretsi           dituzte
    hundred year and then painting old those-abs consider beautiful Aux-T
    `One hundred years later, they have considered those old pictures as beatiful'

    (139) a. *Jonek hori       atzo         irrikatu/desiratu zuen
    Jon-erg that-abs yesterday desire-partc              Aux-T
    `*Jon desired that yesterday'

    b. Jonek ez du         h o ri      era m a n
    Jon-erg neg Aux-T that-abs bring
    `Jon didnīt bring that/*Jon didnīt bear that (yesterday)

    c. Jonek ezin      du       hori eraman
    Jon-erg cannot Aux-T that bear
    `Jon cannot bear/stand that'

    (141) a. Nere adiskideek errespetatzen naute
    my friends-erg respect-impf Aux-T
    `My friends respect me/have me respect'

    b. Nere adiskideek errespetatu naute
    my friends-erg respect-partc Aux-T
    `My friends showed me respect'

    (144) a. Horrekin tematu/setatu/ ob sesionatu da
    that-with become stubborn/obsess-partc Aux-I
    `He became stubborn at that/obsessed with that'

    b. Horretaz oroitu/akordatu da
    that-instr remember        Aux-I
    `He remembered that'

    (152) a. Xabierrek [ barazkiak   er o s i ] nahi ditu
    Xabier-erg vegetables-abs buy-partc want Aux-T-plural
    `Xabier wants to buy vegetables'

    b. Xabierrek [ b arazkiak  erostea ]     nahi du
    Xabier-erg vegetables-abs buy-nom-Det want Aux-T-sing
    `Xabier wants someone else to buy vegetables'

    c. Hori    bisitatu gogo du
    that-abs visit-partc wish Aux-T
    `He wishes to visit that'

    (155) a. Xabier bota behar da (reflexive)
    Xabier throw must Aux-I
    `Xabier must throw himself'

    b. Xabierrek bota behar du (non-reflexive)
    Xabier-erg throw must aux-T
    `Xabier must throw something'

    c. Xab ierrek bere burua zubiazpian     b ota behar du/*da
    Xabier-erg his head-abs under the bridge throw must Aux-T/I
    `Xabier must throw himself under the bridge'

    (160) a.Eman daroat
    Give carry-T(erg-abs)
    `I usually give it'

    b. Jonek      Mireni ardoa      ekarri dio
    Jon-e    rg Miren-dat wine-abs bring Aux-DT
    `Jon b    rought wine for Miren'

    (162) a. Lanari ekin dio
    work-dat engage-in Aux-DT
    `He began to work, he engaged in working'

    b. Eragon beti gauza onen bati (S. )
    hold-on always thing good-g one-dat
    `Hold on to some good thing always'

    c. Emaztea hil eta gero, negarrari eman zion
    wife-abs die and after, cry-D-dat give Aux-DT
    `After his wife died, he cried very often (gave himself to crying)'

    (i)   Eman du     haurrari
    Give Aux-T child-dat
    `He gave it to the child'

    (164) a. Xabier    b ulegora deitu        dute
    Xabier-abs office-ad call-    partc Aux-T
    `They called Xabier to the     office'

    b. Xabierri bulegora deitu           diote
    Xabier-dat office-adl call-   partc Aux-DT
    `They called Xabier to the     office'

    (165) a. Autobusera bultzatu gaituzte
    bus-adl        push-partc Aux-T
    `They pushed us into the bus'

    b. Autobusean/?Autob usera b ultzatu digute
    bus-loc/adl                      push-partc Aux-DT
    `They pushed us in the bus'

    c. ?Autob usera b ultza egin digute
    bus-adl       push do Aux-DT
    `They pushed us into the bus'

    (166) a. Ezezagun batzuek lagundu gaituzte
    unknown some-erg help-partc Aux-T
    `Unknown people helped us'

    b. Ezezagun batzuek lagundu           digute
    unknown some-erg help/accompany-partc Aux-DT
    `Unknown people helped/accompanied us'

    (170) Nork deitzen du ?        Beren anaia da / ??Anaia dute
    who call-ger Aux-T their brother Aux-I/ brother Aux-T
    `Who's calling? It is their brother/??He is their brother'

    (174) a. Gela hori       etxearen ganbara da
    room that-abs house-G loft         Aux-I
    `That room is the loft of the house'

    b. Etxeak      gela hori      ganb ara du
    House-erg room that-abs loft          Aux-T
    `That room is the loft of the house'

    (175) a. (Hango hura ) Eusko Jaurlaritzaren b ozeramailea                 da
    that one-abs Basque Government-G spokesman/woman-abs is
    `That one is the spokesman/woman of the Basque Government'

    b. *(Hango hura ) Eusko Jaurlaritzak          b o z er a m a i l e du
    that one-abs Basque Government-erg spokesman/woman has
    `That one is the spokesman/woman of the government'

    (180) a. Jonek Aitor      anaia du
    Jon-erg Aitor-abs brother Aux-T
    `Aitor is Jon's brother'

    b. Jonek kotxeak lanb ide ditu
    Jon-erg cars-abs job      Aux-T
    `Cars are Jon's occupation'

    (181) a. Nere eskuak ikara/bero      daude
    my hands-abs trembling/hot are-in a location
    `My hands are trembling'

    b. (*Nere) eskuak  ikara/b ero    ditut
    I-erg my hands-abs trembling/hot Aux-T(pl)
    `I have my hands trembling'

    b. Jonek 50 metro jaitsi          ditu urpean
    Jon-erg 50 meters descend-partc Aux-T underwater
    `Jon descended 50 meters'

    (186) a. Jonek patatak       jaitsi   dizkit
    Jon-erg potatoes-abs take down Aux-DT
    `Jon took down my potatoes/Jon took down the potatoes on my interest'

    b. Mikelek Joni (b ere) kotxea hautsi    dio
    Mikel-erg Jon-dat his car      break-partc Aux-DT
    `Mikel broke his car to Jon'

    (188) a. Mikelek Jonen sudurra hautsi du
    Mikel-erg Jon-g nose-abs break Aux-T
    `Mikel broke Jon's nose'

    b. Mikelek Joni (*bere) sudurra hautsi     dio
    Mikel-erg Jon-dat his nose-abs break-partc Aux-DT
    `Mikel broke Jon his nose'

    (189) a. Mikelek Jonen beso b at     hautsi du
    Mikel-erg Jon-g arm one-abs break Aux-T
    `Mikel broke one of Jon's arms'

    b. Mikelek Joni    bere b eso(etako) bat hautsi dio
    Mikel-erg Jon-dat his arm(loc-g) one break Aux-DT
    `Mikel broke Jon one of his arms'

    (190) a. San Vicenteren besoa hautsi dute
    Saint Vincent-g arm-abs break Aux-T
    `They broke Saint Vincent's arm'

    b. San Vicenteri    besoa hautsi diote
    Saint Vincent-dat arm-abs break Aux-DT
    `They broke Saint Vincent's arm'

    (192) a. Mikelek b esoa hautsi du
    Mikel-erg arm-abs break Aux-T
    `Mikel broke his arm'

    b. Mikel   b esoa hautsi      da
    Mikel-abs arm-abs break-partc Aux-I
    `Mikel broke his arm'

    (193) a. Mikelek b esoa nahita      hautsi        du
    Mikel-erg arm-abs voluntarily break-partc Aux-T
    `Mikel broke his arm voluntarily'

    b. ??Mikel    b e so a nahita     hautsi da
    Mikel-abs arm-abs voluntarily break Aux-I
    `Mikel broke his arm voluntarily'

    (194) a. *Adiskideak besoak hautsi dira
    friends-abs arms-abs break Aux-I
    `My friends broke their arms'

    b. ?Adiskideak besoa hautsi dira
    friends-abs arm-abs break Aux-I(plural)
    `My friends broke (each) an arm'

    c. *Adiskidea besoak hautsi da/dira
    friend-abs arms-abs break Aux-I(sing/plural)
    `My friend broke his arms'

    (196) a. *Gogoratu naizena        hori/horretaz da
    recall-partc Aux-I-rel-D that-abs/instr     Aux-I
    `What I recall is that'

    b. Gogoratu dudana          hori    da
    recall-partc Aux-T-rel-D that-abs Aux-I
    `What I recall is that'

    b. Egin nuen nere arterako lan hura       ez zela        komeni
    do Aux-T my own-for work that-abs neg was-Comp convenient
    `I said to myself that that work wasn't convenient'

    b. ??Eman nuen ez zela             etorriko
    give Aux-T neg Aux-I-Comp come-fut
    `I conjectured that he would not come'

    (203) a. Iduri du  Jon    h a s err e  dagoela
    seem Aux-T Jon-abs angry be-in a location-Comp
    `It seems that Jon is angry'

    (204) *Jonek iduri du      b ere taldeak galdu duela
    Jon-erg seem Aux-T his team-erg lose-partc Aux-T-Comp
    `*Jon seems that his team lost'

    (206) *Nonbait, Xab ier    Joni    iruditu zaio           ez dela     joango
    Apparently, Xabier-abs Jon-dat seem Aux-I(dat.abs) neg Aux-I-Comp go-fut
    `*Apparently, Xabier seems to Jon that (Xabier) will not come'

    (208) a. Jonek Xabier       etorriko dela          dio
    Jon-erg Xabier-abs come-fut Aux-I-Comp he-says
    `Jon says that Xabier will come'

    b. Jonek etorriko dela            diosku (<dio+ts+gu)
    Jon-erg come-fut Aux-I-Comp he tells us (say+ditransitive+1st.pl)
    `Jon tells us that Xabier will come'

    (209) Nik horri interesgarri deritzot
    I-erg that-dat interesting judge(dat-abs-erg)
    `I judge that as interesting'