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If you use any of the data shown here for research purposes,
be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
Ryo Otoguro (2006). Morphosyntax of Case.
URL: http://www.s.fpu.ac.jp/otoguro/papers/otoguro_thesis.pdf
(Last accessed 2009-07-23).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 4010&langcode=jpn (2021-09-30).
Example #1:
(6.1) a. yasusi no musuko ra wa mada daigakusei da.
Yasusi NO son PL TOP still university student COP
`Yasushi's sons are still university students.'
Example #2:
b. zyosei tati ga ima no seizi no syuyaku da.
woman PL GA now NO politics NO protagonist COP
`Women are the protagonists in the current politics.'
Example #3:
(6.7) a. Ken ga kasikoi.
Ken smart.PRES
`Ken is smart.'
Example #4:
b. Ken ga gakusei da.
Ken student COP
`Ken is a student.'
Example #5:
d. Ken ga ki kara otita.
Ken tree from fall.PAST
`Ken fe ll from the tree.'
Example #6:
b. Ken ga hon o yonda.
Ken book read.PAST
`Ken read the book.'
Example #7:
c. Ken ga Ai ni hon o yatta.
Ken Ai book give.PAST
`Ken gave a book to Ai.'
Example #8:
(6.9) a. Ai ga Ken ni atta.
Ai Ken meet.PAST
`Ai met Ken.'
Example #9:
b. Ken ga Ai ni sitagatta.
Ken Ai obey.PAST
`Ken obeyed/followed Ai.'
Example #10:
c. Ai ga Ken ni katta.
Ken Ken win.PAST
`Ai won/prevailed over Ken.'
Example #11:
(6.10) a. Ken ga ame ni nureta.
Ken rain get wet.PAST
`Ken got wet in the rain.'
Example #12:
b. Ken ga hasika ni kakatta.
Ken measles contract.PAST
`Ken contracted measles.'
Example #13:
c. Ken ga sake ni yotta.
Ken alcohol get drunk.PAST
`Ken got drunk.'
Example #14:
(6.11) a. Ai ga Ken to atta.
Ai Ken meet.PAST
`Ai met Ken.'
Example #15:
b. Ai ga Ken to hanasita.
Ai Ken speak.PAST
`Ai talked with Ken.'
Example #16:
c. Ai ga Ken to kekkon sita.
Ai Ken marriage do.PAST
`Ai married Ken.'
Example #17:
(6.12) a. ?watakusi wa sensei to ai ni Harvard Square ni itta.
I teacher meet.INF to Harvard Square to go.PAST
`I went to Harvard Square to see the teacher.'
Example #18:
(6.14) a. boku no ani wa Tokyo ni sunde iru.
my elderly brother TOP Tokyo live be.PRES
`My brother lives in Tokyo.'
Example #19:
b. boku no hon wa tukue no ue ni aru.
my book TOP desk top be.PRES
`My book is on the desk.'
Example #20:
(6.17) a. watakusi wa sono saka o nobotta.
I TOP the slope climb.PAST
`I climbed up the slope.'
Example #21:
b. watakusi wa koosaten o watatta.
I TOP intersection cross.PAST
`I crossed the intersection.'
Example #22:
(6.18) a. Ken ga kawa o oyoida.
Ken river swim.PAST
`Ken swam across the river/Ken swam up or down the stream.'
Example #23:
b. Ken ga kawa de oyoida.
Ken river swim.PAST
`Ken swam in the river.'
Example #24:
(6.19) a. watasi wa helicopter de yama ni/*o nobotta.
I TOP helicopter by mountaim climb.PAST
`I climbed to the top of the mountaim by helicopter.'
Example #25:
b. watasi wa Jeep de yama ni/o nobotta.
I TOP jeep by mountaim climb.PAST
`I climbed the mountain by jeep.'
Example #26:
(6.20) a. Ken ga eki kara ie made aruita.
Ken station house to walk.PAST
`Ken walked from the station to the house.'
Example #27:
b. sake wa kome kara tukurareru.
sake TOP rice make.PASS
`Sake is made from rice.'
Example #28:
(6.21) a. Taroo ga Hanako ni/kara sono koto o kiita.
Taro Hanako that thing hear.PAST
`Taro heard about that thing from Hanako.'
Example #29:
b. Taroo ga Yamada-sensei ni/kara eigo o naratta.
Taro Yamada-Prof English learn.PAST
`Taro learnt English from Prof Yamada.'
Example #30:
c. Taroo ga Yamada-sensei ni/kara hon o karita.
Taro Yamada-Prof book borrow.PAST
`Taro borrowed a book from Prof Yamada.'
Example #31:
(6.22) a. Taroo ga sensei no kenkyuusitu kara/*ni hon o karita.
Taro prof office book borrow.PAST
`Taro borrowed a book from the professor's office.'
Example #32:
b. Taroo ga kokyoo kara/*ni tayori o moratta.
Taro hometown letter receive.PAST
`Taro received a letter from his hometown.'
Example #33:
(6.23) a. sensei wa gakusei tati ni/kara present o okurareta.
prof TOP student PL present give.PASS.PAST
`The professor was given a present by the students.'
Example #34:
b. Ai ga sensei ni/kara homerareta.
Ai prof praise.PASS.PAST
`Ai was praised by the professor.'
Example #35:
(6.24) a. Akiko ga kuma ni/*kara korosareta.
Akiko bear kill.PASS.PAST
`Akiko was killed by a bear.'
Example #36:
b. Ken wa John ni/*kara yatowarete iru.
Ken TOP John employ.PASS be.PRES
`Ken is employed by John.'
Example #37:
(6.26) a. Mami ni/ga Hata-sensei ga osorosii.
Mami Hata-prof fearful
`Mami is fearful of Prof Hata.'
Example #38:
b. Mami ga/*ni Ken ga suki da.
Mami Ken like COP
`Mami likes Ken.'
Example #39:
(6.27) a. Taroo ga/*ni atama ga itai.
Taroo head hurting
`Taro has a headache.'
Example #40:
b. Mami ga/*ni asi ga tumetai.
Mami foot cold
`Mami has cold feet.'
Example #41:
(6.29) a. boku ni/ga okane ga hituyoo da.
I money necessity COP
`I need money.'
Example #42:
b. boku ga/*ni kono hon ga hosii.
I this book want
`I want this book.'
Example #43:
(6.30) a. Ken ni/ga eigo ga wakaru.
Ken English understand
`Ken understands English.'
Example #44:
b. Ken ga/*ni eigo ga tokui da.
Ken English good at COP
`Ken is good at English.'
Example #45:
(6.33) a. Tarooi ga Hanako j o zibuni/ j no heya de sikatta.
Taro Hanako self room at scold.PAST
`Taro scolded Hanako in his own room.'
Example #46:
b. sensei ni (wa) zibun ga wakara nai.
teacher (TOP) self understand NEG
`The teacher does not understand himself.'
Example #47:
(6.34) a. sensei ga oikini naru.
teacher go.HON
`The teacher goes.' (subject honorific)
Example #48:
b. *otooto ga sensei o otazune-ni natta.
younger brother teacher visit.HON
`My younger brother visited the teacher.'
Example #49:
c. sensei ni (wa) eigo ga owakarini naru
teacher (TOP) English understand.HON
`The teacher understands English.' (subject honorific)
Example #50:
(i) zoo ga hana ga nagai.
elephant nose long
`An elephant has a long nose.'
Example #51:
(6.35) a. Ken ga/*ni eigo o wakaru.
Ken English understand
`Ken understands English.'
Example #52:
b. Mami ga Ken o suki da.
Mami Ken like COP
`Mami likes Ken.'
Example #53:
c. boku ga mizu o nomi-tai.
I water drink-DESID
`I want to drink water'
Example #54:
(6.36) a. ketueki centre de ketueki-gata siiru o o-hari-si-masu.
blood centre blood-type seal HON-paste-do-POL.PRES
`The blood centre will paste the seal of your blood type.'
Example #55:
( ii) a. kimi ni (wa) rippa na go-ryoosin ga oide-ni naru.
you (TOP) splendid COP HON-parents exist.HON
`You have splendid parents'
Example #56:
(6.37) a. zikka kara kome o okutte kita.
home rice send come.PAST
`My family sent me some rice.'
Example #57:
b. Taroo kara kuzi o hiita.
Taro lot draw.PAST
`Taro started to draw a lot.'
Example #58:
(6.38) a. kono koto wa watasi kara ano hito ni denwa o kakete okimasu.
this fact TOP I that person phone call do.POL
`Regarding this, let me call that person.'
Example #59:
b. anata ga ie nai nara, watasi kara kotowatte okimasu.
you say.INF NEG if, I refuse.INF do.POL
`If you can't say it, I will refuse him myself.'
Example #60:
(6.39) a. Taroo wa gakusei desu.
Taro student COP.PRES
`Speaking of Taro, he is a student.'
Example #61:
b. ame wa hutte imasu ga, yuki wa hutte imasen.
rain falling COP.POL.PRES but snow falling COP.POL.NEG
`It is raining, but it is not snowing.'
Example #62:
(6.40) a. susi wa nihonzin ga tukutta.
sushi Japanese make.PAST
`A Japanese cooked sushi (but not others).'
Example #63:
b. Tokyo e wa hikooki de iku.
Tokyo LOC airplane by go.PRES
`We go to Tokyo by plane (but not to other places).'
Example #64:
c. ano daigaku de wa kenkyuu dekinai
that university LOC research do.NEG
`You can't do your research at that university (but you can at other places).'
Example #65:
(6.41) a. John ga gakusei desu.
John student COP.POL.PRES
`It is John who is a student.'
Example #66:
b. ame ga hutte imasu.
rain falling COP.POL.PRES
`It is raining.'
Example #67:
(6.42) a. tegami ga kita.
letter come.PAST
`It was mail that came'
Example #68:
b. hon ga tukue no ue ni aru.
book desk top LOC be.PRES
`It is a book that is on the desk.'
Example #69:
c. sora ga akai.
sky red
`It is the sky that is red.'
Example #70:
(6.43) a. saru ga ningen no senzo desu.
monkey human ancestor COP.POL.PRES
`It is the monkey that is the ancestor of man.'
Example #71:
b. John ga nihongo o sitte iru.
John Japanese know be.PRES
`John (and only John) knows Japanese.'
Example #72:
c. John ga nihongo ga dekiru.
John Japanese able.PRES
`John (and only John) can speak Japanese.'
Example #73:
d. boku ga osusi ga tabe-tai.
`I sushi eat-want.PRES
`I (and only) I want to eat sushi.'
Example #74:
(6.44) a. New York ni koosoo-kentiku ga ooi.
New York LOC high-rise-building many
`In New York, there are many high-rise buildings.'
Example #75:
(6.45) Ken ga Ai ni gakkoo de kotosi present o watasita.
Ken Ai to school LOC this year present hand.PAST
`Ken gave a present to Ai at school this year.'
Example #76:
vi. Ken ga Ai ni gakkoo de kotosi present o watasi mo sita.
hand do.PAST
`Ken gave a present to Ai at school this year (as well as doing other things).'
Example #77:
(6.46) Taroo sae gakkoo ni itta.
Taro school to go.PAST
`Even Taro went to school.'
Example #78:
(6.48) a. kare koso (ga) gityoo ni husawasii.
he chairperson suitable
`He (and only he) is suitable for the chairperson.'
Example #79:
b. kare wa gityoo ni koso husawasii.
he TOP chairperson suitable
`He is suitable for a chairperson (not other positions).'
Example #80:
(i) gohan mo takenai.
rice boil.NEG.PRES
`(I) can't boil rice (let alone cook something).'
Example #81:
(6.49) a. Taroo sika zyugyoo ni ikanakatta/*itta.
Taro class to go.NEG.PAST/go.PAST
`Only Taro went to the class.'
Example #82:
b. Ken wa susi sika tabenakatta/*tabeta.
Ken TOP sushi eat.NEG.PAST/eat.PAST
`Ken ate only sushi.'
Example #83:
c. Igirisu kara sika tegami ga todokanakatta/*todoita.
UK from letter arrive.NEG.PAST/arrive.PAST
`Letters arrived only from the UK.'
Example #84:
(6.50) a. Taroo dake (ga) zyugyoo ni itta.
Taro class to go.PAST
`Only Taro went to the class.'
Example #85:
b. Ken wa susi dake (o) tabeta.
Ken TOP sushi eat.PAST
`Ken ate only sushi.'
Example #86:
c. Igirisu kara dake / dake kara tegami ga todoita.
UK from / from letter arrive.PAST
`Letters arrived only from/from only the UK.'
Example #87:
(6.51) a. mokuyoo made ga/*ga made teisyutukigen da.
Thursday until deadline COP.PRED
`The deadline is Thursday.'
Example #88:
b. sono siai wa koohan kara ga/*ga kara omosirokatta.
the match TOP second half from exciting.PAST
`The match got exciting from the second half '
Example #89:
c. sensei wa dai-5-syo kara o/*o kara sippitu sita.
professor TOP chapter 5 from writing do.PAST
`The professor wrote chapter 5 and thereafter.'
Example #90:
(6.53) a. John dake ga sono himitu o sitteiru.
John only the secret know.PRES
`Only John knows the sec ret.'
Example #91:
(6.54) a. sensei wa kokuban wa/*o wa/*wa o tukau.
teacher TOP blackboard use.PRES
`The teacher uses the blackboard.'
Example #92:
b. sono gakusei wa/*ga wa/*wa ga marathon ni sanka sita.
the student marathon participation do.PAST
`The student participated in the marathon.'
Example #93:
(6.55) a. kono knife de wa/*wa de hito o korosenai.
this knife human kill.NEG.PRES
`You can't kill a man with this knife.'
Example #94:
b. Ken wa densya ni wa/*wa ni noru.
Ken TOP train ride.PRES
`Ken takes a train.'
Example #95:
(6.56) a. nikugan de sae/*sae de ano UFO wa kakuni dekita.
naked eyes that UFO TOP recognition able.PAST
`That UFO was visible even with naked eyes.'
Example #96:
b. Naomi wa kono mondai dake sura/*sura dake toki-owaranakatta.
Naomi TOP this question solve-finish.NEG.PAST
`Naomi didn't finish even this question only.'
Example #97:
(6.57) a. kare koso ga gityoo ni husawasii.
he chairperson suitable
`He (and only he) is suitable for the chairperson.'
Example #98:
b. Naomi wa kono mondai sae mo toki-owaranakatta.
Naomi TOP this question solve-finish.NEG.PAST
`Naomi didn't finish even this question.'
Example #99:
(6.58) otooto sae mo ga watasi o keibetu sita.
younger brother even I despisement do.PAST
`Even my younger brother despised me.'
Example #100:
attoo sita.
overwhelming do.PAST
`The boy's performance overwhelmed even the professional players.'
Example #101:
(6.60) a. sono oo wa musuko o sae syokei sita.
the king top son execution do.PAST
`The king executed even his son.'
Example #102:
b. seihu wa sono mondai o koso kaiketu subeki da.
government TOP the problem solution do.should COP.PRES
`The government should solve that problem.'
Example #103:
(6.61) a. *kare sika ga gakkoo ni konakatta.
he school come.NEG.PAST
`Only he came to school.'
Example #104:
b. *Naomi wa kono mondai datte mo toki-owaranakatta.
Naomi TOP this question solve-finish.NEG.PAST
`Naomi didn't finish even this question.'
Example #105:
(6.68) John ga Mary ni Ken o syookai sita.
John Mary Ken introduction do.PAST
`John introduced Ken to Mary.'
Example #106:
(6.74) John ni/ga obake ga kowai.
John ghost fearful
`John is fearful of ghost.'
Example #107:
(6.80) a. Hanako ga hona o katta.
Hanako book buy.PAST
`Hanako bought a book.'
Example #108:
(6.84) a. [ Ken to Naomi ] ga sono keeki o tabeta.
Ken and Naomi the cake eat.PAST
`Ken and Naomi ate the cake.'
Example #109:
c. imooto wa [ Ken to Naomi ] kara present o moratta.
younger sister TOP Ken and Naomi from present receive.PAST
`My younger sister received the present(s) from Ken and Naomi.'
Example #110:
(6.101) Taroo ni eigo ga wakaru.
Taro English understand.PRES
`Taro understands English.'
Example #111:
(6.106) a. ani wa Tokyoo ni sunde iru.
elderly brother TOP Tokyo LOC live be.PRES
`My brother lives in Tokyo.'
Example #112:
(6.107) a. kodomo ga dooro de asonde iru.
child road LOC play be.PRES
`Children are playing on the street.'
Example #113:
(6.108) a. Ken ga yama o nobotta.
Ken mountain climb.PAST
`Ken climbed up the mountain.'
Example #114:
(6.112) a. Taroo ni wa eigo ga wakaru.
Taro English understand.PRES
`Taro understands English.'
Example #115:
b. John wa musuko o nagutta.
John TOP son hit.PAST
`John hit his son.'
Example #116:
(6.115) Hanako sae John wa nagutta.
Hanako FOC John TOP hit.PAST
b. `John hit even Hanako.'