The following interlinear glossed text data was extracted from a document found on the
World Wide Web via a semi-automated process. The data presented here could contain
corruption (degraded or missing characters), so the source document (link below) should
be consulted to ensure accuracy.
If you use any of the data shown here for research purposes,
be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
Heejeong Ko (2005). Syntactic Edges and Linearization.
URL: http://ling.snu.ac.kr/ko/publications/Papers/Ko_thesis_2005.pdf
(Last accessed 2009-07-23).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 4039&langcode=jpn (2021-09-30).
Example #1:
(21) a. Tomodati-ga 2-ri Sinzyuku-de Tanaka-sensei-ni atta
Friends-Nom 2-Cl Shinjuku-in Prof. Tanaka-Dat met
`Two friends met Professor Tanaka in Shijuku'
Example #2:
b. *Tomodati-ga Sinzyuku-de Tanaka-sensei-ni 2-ri atta
Friends-Nom Shinjuku-in Prof. Tanaka-Dat 2-Cl met
`Two friends met Professor Tanaka in Shijuku'
Example #3:
a. John-wa hon-o san-satu katta
John-Top book-Acc 3-Cl bought
`John bought three books'
Example #4:
b. John-wa san-satu hon-o katta
John-Top 3-Cl book-Acc bought
`John bought three books' (Watanabe 2004:4)
Example #5:
(i) a. John-wa hon san-satu-o katta
John-Top book 3-Cl-Acc bought
`John bought three books'
Example #6:
b. John-wa san-satu-no hon-o katta
John-Top 3-Cl-Gen book bought
`John bought three books'
Example #7:
?*/* Gakusei-ga Mary-ni san-nin biiru-o ageta
Student-Nom Mary-Dat 3-Cl beer-Acc gave
`Three students gave Mary beer' (N. Hasegawa, p.c.)
Example #8:
a. ?*Gakusei-ga hako-ni san-nin koin-o ireta
Student-Nom box-in 3-Cl coin-Acc put
`Three students put a coin/coins in a box.'
Example #9:
b. ?*Gakusei-ga jaanaru-ni huta-ri ronbun-o tookoosita
Student-Nom journal-to 2-Cl paper-Acc submitted
`Two students submitted papers to a journal' (Y. Endo, p.c.)
Example #10:
?*Gakusei-ga gatugatu san-nin susi-o tabeta (koto)
Student-Nom greedily 3-Cl sushi-Acc ate (fact)
`Three students ate sushi greedily' (Kawashima 1998, citing Miyagawa 1989)
Example #11:
*Gakusei-ga hanmaa-de san-nin kurumi-o watta
Student-Nom hammer-with 3-Cl walnut-Acc cracked
`Three students cracked walnuts with a hammer' (Koizumi 1994)
Example #12:
a. John-ga hon-o isoide san-satu katta
John-Nom book-Acc quickly 3-Cl bought
`John quickly bought three books' (Ishii 1998: 150)
Example #13:
b. Gakusei-ga susi-o gatugatu mit-tu tabeta (koto)
Student-Nom sushi-Acc greedily 3-Cl ate (fact)
`Students ate three pieces of sushi greedily' (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #14:
c. Gakusei-ga kurumi-o hanmaa-de mit-tu watta/kowasita
Student-Nom walnut-Acc hammer-with 3-Cl cracked/broke
`Students cracked three walnuts with a hammer' (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #15:
Gakusei-ga kyoo san-nin hon-o katta
Students-Nom today 3-Cl book-Acc bought
`Three students bought a book today' (Miyagawa 1989: 30, 44)
Example #16:
Gakusei-ga tosyokan-de san-nin hon-o yondeita
Student-Nom library-in 3-Cl book-Acc reading
`Three students were reading books in the library' (Ueda 1990: 84)
Example #17:
Gakusei-ga [sono toki [PRO san-nin [sakana-o tabe]-oe]-ta]
Student-Nom that time 3-Cl fish-Acc eat-finish-Past
`Three students finished eating fish at that time' (Ura 1996; N. Hasegawa, Y. En
Example #18:
a. Gakusei-ga [sakana-o [PRO san-nin [tabe]-oe]-ta]
Student-Nom fish-Acc 3-Cl eat-finish-Past
`Three students finished eating fish at that time' (Ura 1996; N. Hasegawa, Y. En
Example #19:
b. *Gakusei-ga sakana-o san-nin tabe-ta
Student-Nom fish-Acc 3-Cl eat-Past
`Three students ate fish' (N. Hasegawa, Y. Endo p.c.)
Example #20:
a. Gakusei-ga sono ronbun-o PRO san-nin kopii-si-wasure-ta
Student-Nom that paper-Acc 3-Cl copy-do-forget-Past
`Three students forgot to copy that paper' (N. Hasegawa, Y. Endo p.c.)
Example #21:
b. *Gakusei-ga sono ronbun-o san-nin kopii-si-ta
Student-Nom that paper-Acc 3-Cl copy-do-Past
`Three students copied that paper' (N. Hasegawa, Y. Endo p.c.)
Example #22:
(78) John-wa san-satu hon-o katta
John-Top 3-Cl book-Acc bought
`John bought three books'
Example #23:
Huta-tu, kodomo-ga kozutumi-o t okutta
2-Cl child-Nom package-Acc sent
`The child sent two packages' (also attributed to Katagiri 1983)
Example #24:
?*Huta -ri, hon-o gakusei-ga t katta
2-Cl book-Acc student-Nom bought
`Two students bought a book'
Example #25:
*Huta-ri, Tanaka-san-ni gakusei-ga t omiyage-o ageta
2-Cl Tanaka-Mr.-Dat student-Nom present-Acc gave
`Two students gave Mr. Tanaka a present'
Example #26:
?*Huta-ri, naifu-de, kodomo-ga t roopu-o kitta
2-Cl knife-by child-Nom rope-Acc cut
`Two children cut the rope with a knife'
Example #27:
Huta-ri, kyoo, gakusei-ga t nihongo-no hon-o katta
2-Cl today student-Nom Japanese-Gen book-Acc bought
`Today two students bought Japanese language books'
Example #28:
Huta-ri, ofisu-ni gakusei-ga t kita
2-Cl office-to student-Nom came
`Two students came to my office.'
Example #29:
Huta-tu, kono kagi-de doa-ga t aita
2-Cl this key-with door-Nom opened
`Two doors opened with this key.'
Example #30:
Yuube, ni-dai doroboo-ni kuruma-ga t nusum-are-ta
Last night 2-Cl thief-by car-Nom steal-Pass-Past
`Last night, two cars were stolen by a thief'
Example #31:
*Huta-ri, konpyuutaa-de gakusei-ga t keisansita
2-Cl computer-by student-Nom calculated
`Two students calculated by a computer.'
Example #32:
*Huta-ri, geragerato kodomo-ga t waratta
2-Cl loudly child-Nom laughed
`Two children laughed loudly.'
Example #33:
a. Hanako-ga sono/ano hon-o san-satu katta (koto)
Hanako-Nom these book-Acc 3-Cl bought fact
`Hanako bought these three books'
Example #34:
b. *Hanako-ga san-satu sono/ano hon-o katta (koto)
Hanako-Nom 3-Cl these book-Acc bought fact
`Hanako bought these three books'
Example #35:
c. *San-satu Hanako-ga sono/ano hon-o katta (koto)
3-Cl Hanako-Nom these book-Acc bought fact
`Hanako bought these three books' (S. Miyagawa, p.c.)
Example #36:
a. Hanako-ga san-satu takai hon-o katta (koto)
Hanako-Nom 3-Cl expensive book-Acc bought fact
`Hanako bought three expensive books' (cf. (89a))
Example #37:
b. San-satu Hanako-ga takai hon-o katta (koto)
3-Cl Hanako-Nom expensive book-Acc bought fact
`Hanako bought three expensive books' (cf. (89b))
Example #38:
c. Hanako-ga takai hon-o san-satu katta (koto)
Hanako-Nom expensive book-Acc 3-Cl bought fact
`Hanako bought three expensive books' (cf. (89c), S. Miyagawa, p.c.)
Example #39:
(95) a. John-ga gakusei-tati-o san-nin [ PRO Boston-e iku-yooni ] settokusita
John-Nom student-Pl-Acc 3-Cl Boston-to go-C persuaded
`John persuaded three students to go to Boston'
Example #40:
Mae-ni (pro) kat-ta koto na-i keredo,
Before I buy-Past fact not-Pres but
`I have never bought an espresso machine before but',
Example #41:
a. ?*/# Boku-ga esupuresso masin-o mata hito-tu kai-masu
I-Nom espresso machine-Acc again one-Cl buy-Fut
?*`I will buy an espresso machine, (and an espresso machine was in the possessio
Example #42:
b. Boku-ga esupuresso masin-o hito-tu mata kai-masu
I-Nom espresso machine-Acc one-Cl again buy-Fut
department before)' [restitutive reading]
Example #43:
a. ?* Kondo-wa boku-ga pizza-o mata hito-tu tyuumon-su-ru-yo
This.time-Top I-Nom pizza-Acc again one-Cl order-do-Pres-Assertive
`This time, I will order a pizza again.'
Example #44:
b. Kondo-wa boku-ga pizza-o hito-tu mata tyuumon-su-ru-yo
This time-Top I-Nom pizza-Acc one-Cl again order-do-Pres-Assertive
`This time, I will order a pizza again.' (N. Hasegawa, p.c.)
Example #45:
John-ga hon-o Mary-ni san-satu age-ta
John-Nom book-Acc Mary-Dat 3-Cl give-Past
`John gave three books to Mary' (adapted from Hoji 1985; K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #46:
(116) a. John-ga Mary-ni kuruma-o mata kat-ta
John-Nom Mary-Dat car-Acc again buy-Past
'John bought a car for Mary' (restitutive, repetitive)
Example #47:
b. John-ga Mary-ni mata kuruma-o kat-ta
John-Nom Mary-Dat again car-Acc buy-Past
'John bought a car for Mary' (?restitutive, repetitive)
Example #48:
c. John-ga mata Mary-ni kuruma-o kat-ta
John-Nom again Mary-Dat car-Acc buy-Past
'John bought a car for Mary' (*restitutive, repetitive) (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #49:
(117) a. John-ga Mary-ni kuruma-o iti-dai mata kat-ta
John-Nom Mary-Dat car-Acc one-Cl again buy-Past
'John bought one car for Mary' (restitutive, repetitive)
Example #50:
b. John-ga Mary-ni kuruma-o mata iti-dai kat-ta
John-Nom Mary-Dat car-Acc again one-Cl buy-Past
'John bought one car for Mary' (*restitutive, repetitive) (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #51:
a. Taroo-ga hadaka-de hon-o yonda
Taro-Nom naked-DE book-Acc read
`Taro read a book naked'
Example #52:
b. Hanako-ga kimono-sugata-de odotta
Hanako-Nom kimono-dress-DE danced
`Hanako danced in kimono' (Koizumi 1994: 27)
Example #53:
a. Taroo-ga katuo-o nama-de tabeta
Taro-Nom bonito-Acc raw-DE ate
`Taro ate the bonito raw'
Example #54:
b. Hanako-ga kuruma-o tyuuko-de katta
Hanako-Nom car-Acc secondhand-DE bought
`Hanako bought a car used' (Koizumi 1994: 27)
Example #55:
(122) a. John-ga sita no wa [sono hako-no naka-ni ringo-o ireru]-koto da
John-Nom did NL Top that box-Gen inside-in apple-Acc put -NL Cop
`What John did is put an apple in that box'
Example #56:
b. *John-ga [sono hako-no naka-ni ringo-o] sita no wa [ireru]-koto da
John-Nom that box-Gen inside-in apple-Acc did NL Top put-NL Cop
`What John did an apple in the box is put'
Example #57:
c. *John-ga [sono hako-no naka-ni] sita no wa [ringo-o ireru]-koto da
John-Nom that box-Gen inside-in did NL Top apple-Acc put-NL Cop
`What John did in the box is put an apple'
Example #58:
(125) a. Taroo-wa sinroo-ni hanataba-o watasi-ta
Taro-Top bridegroom-Dat bouquet-Acc hand-Past
`Taro handed a bouquet to the bridegroom'
Example #59:
b. Hanako-mo soo-si-ta
Hanako-also so-do-Past
`Hanako did so, too (handed a bouquet to the bridegroom)'
Example #60:
c. Hanako-wa sinpu-ni soo-si-ta
Hanako-Top bride-Dat so-do-Past
`Hanako did so to the bride (handed a bouquet to the bride)'
Example #61:
(126) a. Hanako-ga kimono-sugata-de suika-o tabeta
Hanako-Nom kimono-dress-DE watermelon-Acc ate
`Hanako ate watermelon in kimono'
Example #62:
b. Ziroo-mo soo-si-ta
Jiro-also so-do-Past
`Jiro did so, too (ate watermelon (in kimono))'
Example #63:
(127) a. Hanako-ga Sentra-o sinsya-de katta
Hanako-Nom Sentra-Acc new-DE bought
`Hanako bought a sentra new'
Example #64:
b. Ziroo-mo soo-si-ta
Jiro-also so-do-Past
`Jiro did so, too (bought a Sentra new, too)
Example #65:
(128) a. Hanako-ga sinsya-de Sentra-o katta
Hanako-Nom new-DE Sentra-Acc bought
`Hanako bought a Sentra new'
Example #66:
b. *Ziroo-wa tyuuko-de soo-si-ta
Jiro-Top used-DE so-do-Past
`Jiro did so used'
Example #67:
(132) a. Gakusei-ga san-nin hadaka-de katuo-o tabeta
Student-Nom 3-Cl naked-DE bonito-Acc ate
`Three students ate the bonito naked'
Example #68:
b. ?Gakusei-ga hadaka-de san-nin katuo-o tabeta
Student-Nom naked-DE 3-Cl bonito-Acc ate
`Three students ate the bonito naked'
Example #69:
(133) a. Gakusei-ga san-nin nama-de katuo-o tabeta
Student-Nom 3-Cl raw-DE bonito-Acc ate
`Three students ate the bonito raw'
Example #70:
b. *Gakusei-ga nama-de san-nin katuo-o tabeta
Student-Nom raw-DE 3-Cl bonito-Acc ate
`Three students ate the bonito raw'
Example #71:
a. Gakusei-ga san-nin sita no wa [sono hako-no naka-ni ringo-o ireru]-koto da
Student-Nom 3-Cl did NL Top that box-Gen inside-in apple-Acc put -NL Cop
`What three student did is put an apple in that box'
Example #72:
b. *Gakusei-ga sita no wa [san-nin sono hako-no naka-ni ringo-o ireru]-koto da
Student-Nom did NL Top 3-Cl that box-Gen inside-in apple-Acc put- NL Cop
`What three students did is put an apple in that box' (Koizumi 1994: 34)
Example #73:
a. Hanako-ga kimono-sugata-de suika-o tabeta
Hanako-Nom kimono-dress-DE watermelon-Acc ate
`Hanako ate watermelon in kimono'
Example #74:
b. Hanako-ga suika-o kimono-sugata-de tabeta
Hanako-Nom watermelon-Acc kimono-dress-DE ate
`Hanako ate watermelon in kimono'
Example #75:
a. Taroo-ga katuo-o san-biki nama-de tabeta
Taro-Nom bonito-Acc 3-Cl raw-DE ate
`Taro ate three pieces of bonito raw.'
Example #76:
b. Taroo-ga katuo-o nama-de san-biki tabeta
Taro-Nom bonito-Acc raw-DE 3-Cl ate
`Taro ate three pieces of bonito raw.'
Example #77:
c. Taroo-ga nama-de katuo-o san-biki tabeta
Taro-Nom raw-DE bonito-Acc 3-Cl ate
`Taro ate three pieces of bonito raw.' (S. Miyagawa, p.c.)
Example #78:
a. John-ga Mary-ni sinsya-de kuruma-o mata kat-ta
John-Nom Mary-Dat new-DE car-Acc again buy-Past
`John bought a new car for Mary again' (restitutive, repetitive)
Example #79:
b. John-ga Mary-ni sinsya-de mata kuruma-o kat-ta
John-Nom Mary-Dat new-DE again car-Acc buy-Past
`John bought a new car for Mary again' (?restitutive, repetitive)
Example #80:
c. John-ga mata Mary-ni sinsya-de kuruma-o kat-ta
John-Nom again Mary-Dat new-DE car-Acc buy-Past
`John bought a new car for Mary again' (*restitutive, repetitive)
Example #81:
a. John-ga Mary-ni kuruma-o sinsya-de mata kat-ta
John-Nom Mary-Dat car-Acc new-DE again buy-Past
'John bought a new car for Mary' (restitutive, repetitive)
Example #82:
b. John-ga Mary-ni kuruma-o mata sinsya-de kat-ta
John-Nom Mary-Dat car-Acc again new-DE buy-Past
'John bought a new car for Mary' (?restitutive, repetitive)
Example #83:
c. John-ga mata Mary-ni kuruma-o sinsya-de kat-ta
John-Nom again Mary-Dat car-Acc new-DE buy-Past
'John bought a new car for Mary' (*restitutive, repetitive)
Example #84:
a. John-ga Mary-ni kuruma-o sinsya-de iti-dai mata kat-ta
John-Nom Mary-Dat car-Acc new-DE one-Cl again buy-Past
'John bought one new car for Mary' (restitutive, repetitive)
Example #85:
b. John-ga Mary-ni kuruma-o sinsya-de mata iti-dai kat-ta
John-Nom Mary-Dat car-Acc new-DE again one-Cl buy-Past
'John bought one new car for Mary' (*restitutive, repetitive)
Example #86:
(i) a. Hanako-ga sinsya-de Sentra-o katta
Hanako-Nom new-DE Sentra-Acc bought
`Hanako bought a Sentra new'
Example #87:
b. *Ziroo-wa tyuuko-de soo-si-ta
Jiro-Top used-DE so-do-Past
`Jiro did so used'
Example #88:
a. John-ga kabe-o massiro-ni/*-de nutta
John-Nom wall-Acc purewhite-NI/DE painted
`John painted the wall white'
Example #89:
b. John-ga teeburu-o kirei-ni/*-de huita
John-Nom table-Acc clean-NI/DE wiped
`John wiped the table clean' (Takezawa 1993)
Example #90:
a. John-ga sakana-o nama-*ni/-de tabeta
John-Nom fish-Acc raw-NI/DE ate
`John ate the fish raw'
Example #91:
b. John-ga hadaka-*ni/-de sakana-o tabeta
John-Nom nude-NI/DE fish-Acc ate
`John ate the fish nude'
Example #92:
a. John-ga aisukuriimu-o kotikoti-ni kooraseta
John-Nom ice cream-Acc solid-NI froze
`John froze the ice cream solid'
Example #93:
b. John-ga sakana-o makkuro-ni kogasita
John-Nom fish-Acc deep.black-NI burned
`John burned the fish black'
Example #94:
a. Aisukuriimu-ga kotikoti-ni kootta
Ice cream-Nom solid-NI froze
`The ice cream froze solid'
Example #95:
b. Sakana-ga makkuro-ni kogeta
Fish-Nom deep.black-NI burned
`The fish burned black'
Example #96:
a. John-ga kutakuta-ni tukareta
John-Nom exhausted-NI tired
`John became tired'
Example #97:
b. John-ga dorodarke-ni natta
John-Nom muddy-NI became
`John became muddy'
Example #98:
a. *John-ga kutakuta-ni odotta
John-Nom exhausted-NI danced
`John danced until (he was) exhausted'
Example #99:
b. *John-ga dorodarake-ni asonda
John-Nom muddy-NI played
`John played until (he was) muddy'
Example #100:
a. John-ga kutakuta-de odotta
John-Nom exhausted-DE danced
`John danced when (he was) exhausted'
Example #101:
b. John-ga dorodarake-de asonda
John-Nom muddy-DE played
`John played when (he was) muddy'
Example #102:
a. *John-ga kuruma-o makka-ni ni-dai nutta
John-Nom car-Acc red-NI 2-Cl painted
`John painted two cars red'
Example #103:
b. *John-ga kodomo-o rippa-ni san-nin sodateta
John-Nom child-Acc admirable-NI 3-Cl raised
`John raised three children to be admirable'
Example #104:
a. *Kuruma-o John-ga makka-ni ni-dai nutta
Car-Acc John-Nom red-NI two-Cl painted
`John painted two cars red'
Example #105:
b. *Kodomo-o John-ga rippa-ni san-nin sodateta
Child-Acc John-Nom admirable-NI three-Cl raised
`John raised three children to be admirable' (S. Miyagawa, p.c.)
Example #106:
a. *Kuruma-o makka-ni John-ga ni-dai nutta
Car-Acc red-NI John-Nom two-Cl painted
`John painted two cars red'
Example #107:
b. *Kodomo-o rippa-ni John-ga san-nin sodateta
Child-Acc admirable-NI John-Nom 3-Cl raised
`John raised three children to be admirable' (S. Miyagawa, p.c.)
Example #108:
a. Kuruma-o ni-dai John-ga makka-ni nutta
Car-Acc two-Cl John-Nom red-NI painted
`John painted two cars red'
Example #109:
b. Kodomo-o san-nin John-ga rippa-ni sodateta
Child-Acc 3-Cl John-Nom admirable-NI raised
`John raised three children to be admirable' (S. Miyagawa, p.c.)
Example #110:
(i) ?? Makka-ni kuruma-o John-ga ni-dai nutta
Red-NI car-Acc John-Nom 2-Cl painted
`John painted two cars red'
Example #111:
John-ga makka-ni kuruma-o nutta
John-Nom red-NI car-Acc painted
John painted the/a car read' (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #112:
a. Shatu-ga san-mai dorodarake-ni yogoreta
Shirt-Nom 3-Cl muddy-NI became.dirty
`Three shirts became dirty with dirt'
Example #113:
b. *Shatu-ga dorodarake-ni san-mai yogoreta
Shirt-Nom muddy-NI 3-Cl became.dirty
`Three shirts became dirty with dirt' (K. Takezawa, p.c.; Takezawa 2000)
Example #114:
a. Gakusei-ga san-nin kutakuta-ni tukareta
Student-Nom 3-Cl exhausted-NI tired
`Three students became tired'
Example #115:
b. *Gakusei-ga kutakuta-ni san-nin tukareta
Student-Nom exhausted-NI 3-Cl tired
`Three students became tired' (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #116:
a. Gakusei-ga san-nin dorodarke-ni natta
Student-Nom 3-Cl exhausted-NI became
'Three students became muddy'.
Example #117:
b. *Gakusei-ga dorodarke-ni san-nin natta
Student-Nom exhausted-NI 3-Cl became
'Three students became muddy'. (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #118:
a. Taro-ga sakana-o hanbun-ni nama-de kit-ta
Taro-Nom fish-Acc half-NI raw-DE cut-Past
`Taro cut raw fish into half'
Example #119:
b. *Taro-ga nama-de sakana-o hanbun-ni ni-hiki kit-ta
Taro-Nom raw-DE fish-Acc half-NI 2-Cl cut-Past
`Taro cut two pieces of raw fish into half' (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #120:
Taro-ga hanbun-ni sakana-o nama-de ni-hiki kit-ta
Taro-Nom half-NI fish-Acc raw-DE 2-Cl cut-Past
`Taro cut two pieces of raw fish into half' (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #121:
a. John-ga kuruma-o makka-ni nutta
John-Nom car-Acc red-NI painted
'John painted the/a car red' (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #122:
b. John-ga makka-ni kuruma-o nutta
John-Nom red-NI car-Acc painted
'John painted the/a car read' (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #123:
a. John-ga kuruma-o Mary-ni ni-dai ageta
John-Nom car-Acc Mary-NI two-Cl gave
`John gave two cars to Mary'
Example #124:
b. John-ga hon-o tukue-no ue-ni zyus-satu oita
John-Nom book-Acc desk-Gen on-ni ten-Cl put
`John put ten books on the desk' (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #125:
a. Kodomo-ga huta-ri mise-ni kita
Child-Nom 2-Cl shop-to came
`Two children came to the shop'
Example #126:
b. Kodomo-ga mise-ni huta-ri kita
Child-Nom shop-to 2-Cl came
`Two children came to the shop' (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #127:
a. Tegami-ga san-tuu uti-ni todoita
Letter-Nom 3-Cl home-at arrived
`Three letters arrived at home'
Example #128:
b. Tegami-ga uti-ni san-tuu todoita
Letter-Nom home-at 3-Cl arrived
`Three letters arrived at home' (K. Takezawa, p.c.)
Example #129:
?*2-ri, hon-o gakusei-ga t katta
2-Cl book-Acc student-Nom bought
`Two students bought a book'
Example #130:
2-ri kyoo gakusei-ga t nihongo-no hon-o katta
2-Cl today student-Nom Japanese-Gen book-Acc bought
`Today two students bought Japanese language books'
Example #131:
(ii) ?*Subete Hanako-ga hon-o katta (koto)
All Hanako-Nom book-Acc bought fact
`Hanako bought all the books' (Kawashima 1998)
Example #132:
(277) A: (Ecey) mwusun il-i iss-ess-ni?
Yesterday what thing-Nom exist-Past-Q
`What happened (yesterday)?'
Example #133:
(278) A: (Ecey) mwusun il-i iss-ess-ni?
Yesterday what thing-Nom exist-Past-Q
`What happened (yesterday)?'
Example #134:
(i) *Tinamini, gakusei-ga mado-o ### huta-ri watta
Incidentally, student-Nom window.glass-Acc 2-Cl broke
`Incidentally, two students broke window glass'
Example #135:
(ii) *Tinamini, gakusei-ga huta-ri ### mado-o watta
Incidentally, student-Nom 2-Cl window.glass-Acc broke
`Incidentally, two students broke window glass'
Example #136:
a. *Mazu gakusei-ga mado-o huta-ri watta
First, student-Nom window.glass-Acc 2-Cl broke
`First, two students broke window glass'
Example #137:
b. *Tugini sensei-ga Mary-o san-nin sikatta
Next teacher-Nom Mary-Acc 3-Cl scolded
`Next, three teachers scolded Mary'
Example #138:
c. *Sorekara oyatati-ga sake-o zyuu-nin nonda
Then, parent-Nom sake-Acc 10-Cl drank
'10 parents drank sake' (N. Hasegawa, p.c.)
Example #139:
c. Dai-san-ni, dansaa-ga isyoo-o huta-ri-dake motte-ki-ta
Third, dancer-Nom stage.dress-Acc 2-Cl-only have-come-Past
`Third, only two dancers brought a (proper) dance dress.' (N. Hasegawa, Y. Endo,