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If you use any of the data shown here for research purposes,
be sure to cite ODIN and the source document. Please use the following citation record or variant thereof:
Bruening, Benjamin (2001). Raising to Object.
URL: http://www.ling.udel.edu/bruening/Courses/2001-2/831/5thChptrF.pdf
(Last accessed 2005-03-29).
ODIN: http://odin.linguistlist.org/igt_raw.php?id= 814&langcode=jpn (2021-09-30).
Example #1:
a. Taroo-ga sono-seejika-no kao-ga hiroi to omotta.
T.-Nom that-politician-Gen face-Nom wide Comp thought
`Taroo thought that that politician was well-known.'
Example #2:
a. * Otagai-no sensei-ga karera-o bakada to omotteiru.
each.other-Gen teacher-Nom them-Acc fool Comp think.Prog
`Each other ½ 's teachers think of them ½ as fools.'
Example #3:
(107) a. * Otagai-no sensei-ga Taro-to Hanako-o baka da to omotteiru.
each.other-Gen teacher-Nom T.-and H.-Acc fool be Comp think.Prog
`Each other ½ 's teachers think of Taroo and Hanako ½ as fools.'
Example #4:
b. Taro-to Hanako-o otagai-no sensei-ga baka da to omotteiru.
T.-and H.-Acc each.other-Gen teacher-Nom fool be Comp think.Prog
`Taroo and Hanako ½ , each other ½ 's teachers think of as fools.'
Example #5:
a. Daremo-o dareka-ga baka da to omotte ita.
everyone-Acc someone-Nom fool be Comp thinking was
`Everyone, someone thought was a fool.' (ambiguous)
Example #6:
(112) ?* Baka-da-to Hanako-o Taroo-ga t omotteiru.
fool-is-Comp H.-Acc T.-Nom think.Prog
`As a fool, Hanako, Taroo thinks of.' SI,SM,TT
Example #7:
a. ?? Sono-seejika-no kao-o Taroo-ga hiroi to omotta.
that-politician-Gen face-Acc T.-Nom wide Comp thought
`Taroo thought that that politician was well-known.'
Example #8:
c. ?? John-no ketsu-o Taroo-ga aoi to omotta (koto).
J.-Gen hip-Acc T.-Nom blue Comp thought (fact)
`Taroo thinks that John is inexperienced.'
Example #9:
a. Yamada-ga kono kurasu-de-wa zenin-o baka-zya-nai-to omotta.
Y.-Nom this class-in-Top all-Acc fool-be-Neg-Comp thought
`Yamada thought that in the class all were not fools.'
Example #10:
b. Daremo-ga natu-ga/??wa biiru-o ichiban umai-to omotte iru.
everyone-Nom summer-Nom/Top beer-Acc best tasty-Comp thinks is
`Everyone thinks that it's during the summer that beer tastes the best.'
Example #11:
c. ?? Daremo-ga biiru-o natu-ga ichiban umai-to omotte iru.
everyone-Nom beer-Acc summer-Nom best tasty-Comp thinks is
`Everyone thinks that it's during the summer that beer tastes the best.'
Example #12:
(118) Biiru-ga natu-ga/wa ichiban umai.
beer-Nom summer-Nom/Top best tasty
`It's during the summer that beer tastes the best.'
Example #13:
(i) Biiru-o daremo-ga natu-ga ichiban umai-to omotte iru.
beer-Acc everyone-Nom summer-Nom best tasty-Comp thinks is
`Everyone thinks that it's during the summer that beer tastes the best.'
Example #14:
b. John-ga Bill-ni nani-o meizi-ta-no?
J.-Nom B.-Dat what-Acc ordered-Q
`What did John order Bill to do?'
Example #15:
a. Taroo-ga nani-o kangaete iru no?
T.-Nom what-Acc think Prog Q
`What does Taroo think?'
Example #16:
b. * Taroo-ga Tanaka-o nani-o kangaete iru no?
T.-Nom T.-Acc what-Acc think Prog Q
`What does Taroo think of Tanaka?'
Example #17:
c. * Taroo-ga Tanaka-o doo kangaete iru no?
T.-Nom T.-Acc how think Prog Q
`What does Taroo think of Tanaka?'
Example #18:
a. Taroo-ga kangaete iru-no-wa Tanaka-ga baka da to da.
T.-Nom think Prog-Q-Nominal T.-Nom fool is Comp is
`What Taroo thinks is that Tanaka is a fool.'
Example #19:
c. * Tanaka-o Taroo-ga kangaete iru-no-wa baka da to da.
T.-Acc T.-Nom think Prog-Q-Nominal fool is Comp is
`What Taroo thinks of Tanaka is that is a fool.'
Example #20:
a. ?? Taroo to Hanako-o otagai-no sensei-ga kangaete iru no-wa baka da to da.
T. and H.-Acc each.other-Gen teacher-Nom think Prog Q-Nominal fool is Comp is
`What each other's teachers think of Taroo and Hanako is that are fools.'
Example #21:
b. ?? Otagai-no sensei-ga kangaete iru no-wa Taroo to Hanako-ga baka da to da.
each.other-Gen teacher-Nom think Prog Q-Nominal T. and H.-Nom fool is Comp is
`What each other's teachers think is that Taroo and Hanako are fools.'
Example #22:
b. Taroo-to Hanako-o otagai-no sensei-ga karera-ga bakada to omotteiru.
T.-and H.-Acc each.other-Gen teacher-Nom they-Nom fool Comp think.Prog
`Taroo and Hanako ½ , each other ½ 's teachers think of them as fools.'
Example #23:
a. Dare-to dare-o otagai-no sensei-ga baka da to omotte-iru-no?
who-and who-Acc each.other-Gen teacher-Nom fool is C thinking-is-Q
`Who all½ do each other ½ 's teachers think of as fools?'
Example #24:
b. Dare-o soitu-no okaasan-ga baka da to omotte-iru-no?
who-Acc he-Gen mother-Nom fool is C thinking-is-Q
`Who½ does his½ mother think of as a fool?'
Example #25:
a. Dare-o soitu-no okaasan-ga soitu-ga baka da to omotte-iru-no?
who-Acc he-Gen mother-Nom he-Nom fool is C thinking-is-Q
`Who½ does his½ mother think of as a fool?'
Example #26:
b. * Dare-o Taroo-ga soitu-ga baka da to omotte-iru-no?
who-Acc T.-Nom he-Nom fool is C thinking-is-Q
`Who½ does Taroo think of as a fool?'
Example #27:
(130) a. Tokyo-wa sumi-nikui.
Tokyo-Top live-hard
`Tokyo is hard to live in.'
Example #28:
b. John-wa Tokyo-o sumi-nikui-to omotta.
J.-Top Tokyo-Acc live-hard-Comp thought
`John thought that Tokyo is hard to live in.' (Marantz 1983, ex.31b)
Example #29:
(131) Sumi-nikui-to John-wa Tokyo-o t omotta.
live-hard-Comp J.-Top Tokyo-Acc thought
`John thought that Tokyo is hard to live in.' SM,HY
Example #30:
a. Dare-ga dare-o baka-da-to omotteiru-no?
who-Nom who-Acc fool-Cop-Comp think-Q
`Who thinks who is a fool?'
Example #31:
b. Dare-o½ dare-ga t½ baka-da-to omotteiru-no?
who-Acc who-Nom fool-Cop-Comp think-Q
`Who, who thinks is a fool?'
Example #32:
b. Dare-o½ naze dare-ga t½ baka-da-to omotteiru-no?
who-Acc why who-Nom fool-Cop-Comp thinking-Q
`Whom, why does who think of as a fool?'
Example #33:
b. ?? Baka-da-to dare-o½ dare-ga omotteiru-no?
fool-Cop-Comp who-Acc who-Nom think-Q
`Who thinks who is a fool?'
Example #34:
b. ?? Baka-da-to dare-o½ naze dare-ga omotteiru-no?
fool-Cop-Comp who-Acc why who-Nom thinking-Q
`Why does who think of whom as a fool?'
Example #35:
a. Yamada½-wa zibun½ / ?kare½ -ga tensai de aru koto o sitte ita.
Y.-Top self/ ?he-Nom genius is that knew
`Yamada knew that self/?he was a genius.'
Example #36:
c. Yamada½-wa zibun½ / *kare½-o tensai da to omotte ita.
Y.-Top self/ *he-Acc genius is that thinking was
`Yamada thought that self/*he was a genius.'